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BIO111: Microbiology > Chapters 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Chapters 2 & 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

Eukaryote

A

“true nucleus”

Membrane bound organelles and membrane systems

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1
Q

Prokaryote

A

“pre-nucleus”

No nucleus or other internal membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

3 Main shape of Bacteria

A

Coccus (Cocci)
Bacillus (Bacilli)
Spirillus (Spirilli)

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3
Q

Coccus (Cocci)

A

Spherical

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4
Q

Bacillus (Bacilli)

A

Rods

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5
Q

Spirillus (Spirilli)

A

Spirals

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6
Q

Vibrio

A

Comma shaped cells

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7
Q

Spirochete

A

More tightly coiled spirals

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8
Q

Pleomorphic

A

Irregular shaped

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9
Q

Di

prefix

A

Two

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10
Q

Strep

prefix

A

long chain

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11
Q

Staph

prefix

A

Irregular clusters

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12
Q

Coccus

A

1 singles sphere shaped cell

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13
Q

Diplococcus

A

2 sphere shaped cells connected

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14
Q

Tetrad

A

clusters of four cocci together

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15
Q

Streptococcus

A

long chains of cocci

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16
Q

staphylococcus

A

irregular clusters of cocci

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17
Q

Sarcina

A

Clusters of 8, 18, 32 or more cocci cells in a perfect cube shape

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18
Q

Bacillus

A

single rod shaped cell

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19
Q

Diplobacillus

A

2 rod shaped bacilli connected

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20
Q

Streptobacillus

A

Chains of rod shaped bacilli

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21
Q

Palisades

A

side-by-side arrangement of bacilli

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22
Q

4 biochemisty groups

A

Proteins
Carbs
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

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23
Q

Proteins

A

amino acids joined by peptide bonds, often with complex foldings
Ex. enzymes, most hormones, collagen

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24
Q

Carbohydrates

A 
basic structure CH2O
simple sugars Glucose (C6H12O6)
Comples carbs (polysaccharides like cellulose and chitin)
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25
Q

Lipids

A

hydrophobic

  • triglycerides and phospholipids contain glycerol and fatty acids
  • steroids (cholestrol and sex hormones) are variations of 4 carbon ring structure
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26
Q

Cell Membrane

Prokarya

A 
Phospholipid bilayer (40%) embedded with proteins (60%)
Fluid mosaic model
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27
Q

3 layers of the cell envelope

Prokarya

A

Cell membrane
Cell wall
Glycocalyx

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28
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

Prokarya

A

One phospholipid molecule has:
Two hydrophobic tails
Hydrophilic head of glycerol and phosphate

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29
Q

Phospholipid comparisons

A

-Bacteria and Eucarya - fatty acid tails
- Archaea - tails made of isoprene with branches
Also differences in glycerol and how glycerol links to hydrophobic tails

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30
Q

Prokaryote membrane functions

A

Transport

Enzymes

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31
Q

Transport

Prokaryote membrane functions

A

Selectively permeable
(Osmosis, Facilitated diffusion, active transport, secretion)
Integral Proteins (Carrier Proteins, Channel proteins -aqua proteins for faster water transport)

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32
Q

Enzymes

Prokaryote Membrane functions

A

Metabolic Pathways

  1. Synthesis of extracellular structures
  2. Electron transport and ATP synthesis
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33
Q

Difference between Animal and Fungal cell membranes

A

Animal - cholesterol

Fungal - ergosterol

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34
Q

Eucarya Cell Membrane

A

Receptor proteins - cell communication can recognize foreign cells
Sterols - give strength to cell membranes
Lipid Rafts - groups of proteins and lipids

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35
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • Lacking in animal cells and some protists(protozoa)
  • Found in most bacteria and Archaea
  • Bacteria genus Mycoplasma has NO CELL WALL (sterols for strength)
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36
Q

Cell Wall function

A

Maintain Shape
Protection from environment
Protection from osmotic pressure

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37
Q

Bacteria normally live in what kind of solution

A

Hypotonic

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38
Q

Peptidoglycan composition

A

Only found in bacteria

Two major subunits: Alternating glycan molecules and tetrapeptide chains

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39
Q

Glyan Molecules

A

simple sugar + amino acid (amino sugars)

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40
Q

Two types of glycans

A

NAM - N-acetylmuramic acid
NAG - N-aceytlglcosamine
alternating chains NAG_NAM_NAG_NAM

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41
Q

Tetrapeptide chains

A

String of 4 amino acids
Link together the glycan chains
- peptide interbridges (Gram +)
- direct connection (Gram - )

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42
Q

Gram Stain

A

Hans Christian Joachim Gram in 1882

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43
Q

Gram Positive Cell Wall

A

One thick peptidoglycan layer (upto 30 layers)
Teichoic Acid
Periplasm

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44
Q

Teichoic Acid

A

Amino acids, sugars, glycerol, phosphate - from cell membrane through cell wall
Present only in Gram +

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45
Q

Periplasm

A

Gel like substance in between membrane and peptidoglycan

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46
Q

Gram Negative Cell Wall

A 
2 parts outter and inner
1. thin Peptidoglycan + Periplasm = periplasmic space
2. Phospholipids
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
Lipoproteins
Porin
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47
Q

Penicillin

A

interferes with synthesis of peptide inter-bridges in Gram positive

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48
Q

Lysozyme

A

an enzyme that digests glycan (NAG NAM)

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49
Q

Why are gram - bacteria less sensitive to antimicrobial medication

A

because of its outer membrane

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50
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Outside cell wall
Usually made of polysaccharides
2 kinds: Capsule or Slime layer

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51
Q

Glycocalyx function

A
  1. Protect from dehydration
  2. Attachment to tissue (biofims and teeth)
  3. Protection from white blood cells (phagocytosis)
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52
Q

Bacteria Flagella

A
  • long, thin - special flagella stain
  • Rigid, hair-like - made of FLAGELLIN
  • Rotate 360
  • Used to enter host cell
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53
Q

Structure of Bacteria Flagella

A

Filament
Hook
Basal body

54
Q

Filament

A

spiral chains of protein form a hollow tube

55
Q

Hook

A

curved protein structure, connects filament to cell structure

56
Q

Basal body

A

ringed protein structure, anchors to cell membrane and cell wall, “motor”of flagella

57
Q

-Trichous

A

hair

58
Q

Mono

A

one

59
Q

Amphi

A

both

60
Q

Lopho-

A

tuft

61
Q

Peri-

A

Around

62
Q

Flagella arrangement found in….

A

ALL spirilla
half of bacilli
few cocci

63
Q

Eucarya flagella

A
  • covered with plasma membrane
  • groupings of mictotubule proteins
  • Basal body - anchor, different arrangement of microtubules than flagellum
  • Whip like motion
64
Q

Axial fibrils

A

found in spirochetes

used to burrow into host cell

65
Q

Gliding

A

polysaccharide slime or surface proteins used for movement

66
Q

Pili

A
  • Shorter and thinner than flagella
  • long hollow filament of PILIN proteins
  • Adhesive tip for attachment
67
Q

2 Types of Pili

A

Fimbriae and sex pili

68
Q

Fimbriae

A

Usually many found on a bacteria cell
Stick to surfaces and other fimbriae
Allow for invasion of host tissue
Example: E.Coli

69
Q

Sex Pili

A
  • longer than fimbriae, less numerous (usually 1 or 2)
  • In Gram - bacteria and some Gram +
  • Used in conjugation
70
Q

Conjugation in Sex pili

A

Sex pilus directly links the cytoplasm of one cell to another, plasmid DNA travels through the sex pilus

71
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA and RNA

72
Q

Monomer

A

nucleotide = pentose sugar, nucleobase (A,G,C,T,U) and phosphate

73
Q

DNA

A

double helix, sugar-phosphate backbone

74
Q

RNA

A

shorter, single stranded

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA involved in protein systhesis

75
Q

Bacterial Chromosome

A
  • Single, circular, double stranded DNA
  • contains genes that code for cell maintenance and growth
  • Contains 3000 - 4000 genes
  • Area where DNA is found is called NUCLEOID
  • DNA is supercoiled with various proteins (histones only in Archaea and Eucarya)
76
Q

Area where DNA is found in a bacteria chromosome

A

Nucleoid

77
Q

Plasmids

A

Very small, circular pieces of DNA

  • Free floating in cell
  • contain few genes to 1000 genes
  • supercoiled
78
Q

Plasmids, are they essential

A

Not essential but helpful
drug resistance
enzyme and toxin production

79
Q

What domain are Plasmids found

A

Bacteria, Archaea and SOME Eucarya

80
Q

Ribosomes

A

Bacterial cell contains 15,000
Protein synthesis
60% rRNA and 40% proteins

81
Q

Ribosome subunits

A

2 (small and large)

82
Q

Bacteria and Archaea subunits

A

30S and 50S = 70S total

83
Q

Eucharya subunits

A

40S and 60S = 80S

84
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast Sunits

A

70S ribosomes

85
Q

S units

A

Svedberg units - measure size of ribosome and subunits

Higher S = heavier RNA

86
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Engulfs the cell and uses it instead of digesting it

87
Q

Cytoplasmic Inclusions/Granules

A
  • Storage of organic energy (glycogen and PHB)
  • gases for floatation in aquatic systems
  • storage of essential elements as inorganic crystals (sulfer granules & volutin)
  • Some enclosed by membranes (storage particles)
88
Q

Volutin

A

phosphate storage (metachromatic)

89
Q

What are Endospores

A
  • Small, protected, dormant bacteria
  • Cannot divide, degrade or synthesize while dormant
  • Genetically identical to original cell
90
Q

When are Endospores formed

A
  • in unfavorable conditions (starvation, desiccation)
  • Germinates under favorable conditions to become a vegetative cell
  • For survival, not reproduction
  • Energetically very costly to produce
91
Q

Endospores - WHO

A
  • Only some Gram-positive rods
  • Bacillus and Clostridium species
  • Diseases from endospore forming bacteria - botulism, tetanus
92
Q

A normal cell when not dormant is called a

A

vegetative cell

93
Q

Endospores How they form

A
  • One spore formed from one bacteria cell
  • DNA duplcates, septum forms in cell
  • “mother cell” engulfs “forespore”
  • Peptidoglycan material added to forespore
  • Mother cell degrades
94
Q

Endospore layers

A

Spore coat
Cortex
Core

95
Q 
Spore coat
(endospore)
A

outer layer - protein - protection from chemicals and enzymes
sometimes EXOSPORIUM is present

97
Q

Cortex

endospore

A

middle layer - peptidoglycan - keeps spore dry, helps to resist heat and radiation

97
Q

Extreme Resistance of Endospores

A
  • high temperatures, desiccation, freezing, radiation, and many chemicals of toxins
  • Endospores 1000s of years old can still germinate
  • Can quickly return to vegetative state
  • preventing endospore contamination: moist heat of pressurized steam using an autoclave
98
Q

Core

endospore

A

inner part - contains and protects bacteria’s DNA

Core also contains calcium salts and dipicolinic acid

99
Q

Ecoli facts

A

Gram -
Normal microbiota or possibly virulent
single bacillus with flagella and fimbriae
Many different strains ex. Shiga toxin producing E.Coli

100
Q

Element

A

Matter made of one type of atom

101
Q

How many naturally occurring elements

A

92

102
Q

Which 4 elements are most common in organisms***

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

103
Q

Atoms

A

the smallest part of an element that still has the properties of that element

104
Q

3 subatomic particles that compose atoms

A

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

105
Q

Protons

location and charge

A

Nucleus

+

106
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral

Nucleus

107
Q

Electrons

Location and charge

A

Negative

Shells, Orbitals

108
Q

Atomic Number

A

the number of protons

109
Q

atomic weight

A

the total number of protons and neutrons

110
Q

What is an isotope

A

Atoms for the same element with different numbers of neutrons

111
Q

What is a molecule

A

two or more atoms (ions) chemically bonded

112
Q

Chemical bond

A

energy that holds atoms (ions) together

113
Q

Covalent bond

A

form by equal sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms
Polar (unequal sharing)
Nonpolar (equal sharing)

114
Q

Ionic Bond

A

formed because of the transfer of electrons between two atoms

115
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

the attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule.
THE WEAKEST BOND

116
Q

What is an Ion

A

an electrically charged atoms: an atom either gains or looses an electron

117
Q

anion

A

an atom that gains an electron and becomes -

118
Q

cation

A

an atom that loses an electron and becomes +

119
Q

pH

A

measurement of hydronium H+ ions in a solution

0-14

120
Q

buffer

A

reacts with a strong acid/base to for a weak acid/base; resists pH change

121
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecule or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration of that molecule achieving equilibrium

122
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration of H20 to an area of lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

123
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell

124
Q

Hypotonic

A

lower concentration of stuff outside the cell

125
Q

Isotonic

A

same osmotic pressure as body fluids

126
Q

What happens if a cell is placed in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution

A

hypertonic - cell will shrink

hypotonic - cell will expand and possibly explode

127
Q

Mitochondria

function

A

ATP production

128
Q

Chloroplast

function

A

Use photosynthesis to make ATP for energy

129
Q

Ribosome

function

A

Protein synthesis

130
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

refines processes and packages proteins from ribosomes into packages

131
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

function

A

molecular transport of protein

132
Q

Three organelles which have a double membrane and contain DNA

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Nucleus

BIO111: Microbiology (12 decks)

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