Lab final Flashcards
how can you find the actual size of a cell
the diameter of the field of view/ # of times cell fits across the field of view
parts of an onion cell
cell wall, nucleus, nucleolus, central vacuole, cytoplasmic strand, cellular granuoles
parts of a green pepper cell
cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole, nucleus, nucleolus
parts of a red pepper cell
cell wall, plasmodesmata, chromoplasts, central vacuole, nucleus
parts of a banana cell
cell wall, starch grains, cytoplasm, striations
parts of a cheek cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
purpose of a cell wall
provides support and protection
purpose of a central vacuole
support the cell through turgor pressure and storage
purpose of a chloroplast
where photosynthesis occurs in plants and algae
purpose of a chromoplast
gives colour to flower and fruits for pollination
purpose of cilia and flagella
locomotion
purpose of the contractile vacuole
osmoregulation in animal-like protists
purpose of cytoplasm
environment for processes to take place in
purpose of microtubules
structure and movement of cilia/flagella
organization
shape
made of tubulin
purpose of microfilaments
cell strength, shape, movement, pseudopodia functioning
made of actin
purpose of the food vacuole
contains food particles engulfed by the cell in animal-like protists
purpose of the Golgi apparatus
to modify, shape, and ship products of the ER
purpose of a leucoplast
production and storage of macromolecules
purpose of the lysosome
digests a cells food and waste using enzymes
purpose of the mitochondria
carries out cellular respiration and produce ATP
purpose of the nucleolus
where the ribosome subunit is assembled
purpose of the nucleus
control cell function, site of DNA synthesis and RNA transcription
purpose of the plasma membrane
regulates what goes in and out of the cell
purpose of the ribosome
making proteins
purpose of the rough ER
initial synthesis and sorting of proteins for export
purpose of the smooth ER
lipid synthesis and modification, detoxification, etc.
purpose of a vesicle
contain micromolecules for storage, transport, or secretion
what pigment do chloroplasts give
green, chlorophyll
what pigment do chromoplasts give
red, carotenoids
what pigment do central vacuoles give
blue/purple, anthocyanins
what is diffusion
the random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
what is osmosis
movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute to high solute concentration
what are isotonic conditions
where the solute concentration are the same inside a cell as outside
what are hypertonic solutions
have a higher solute concentration than their environment
water moves into the cell, may burst
what are hypotonic solutions
have a lower solute concentration than their environment
water leaves the cell, may shrink
how do prokaryotes divide
binary fission
what are chromosomes
structures containing genetic information (DNA)
what are sister chromatids
identical halves of a replicated chromosome
what is a colonial organism
individual cells that adhere and communicate one function for all cell
what is a multicellular organism
multiple cells that are specialized for differing function
what is a unicellular organism
organisms made of one single cell
what are three structures common to all volvocine algae
chloroplasts, flagella, nucleus
what are homologous chromosomes
when we have two sets of identical chromosomes
what is ploidy
refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell (haploid or diploid)
order of a fern life cycle starting at a diploid sporophyte
sporophyte, mature fern, spore, gametophyte, archegonium/antheridium, egg/sperm
what is an antheridium
male sperm in plants
what is an archegonium
female egg in plants
life cycle of animals starting at a zygote
zygote, embryo, juvenile, adult, egg/sperm, fertilization
what is a gene
a factor of inheritance for a particular trait of an organism
what is an allele
different form of a gene
what is a genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism
what is a phenotype
the physical characteristic being coded for by the genotype
what is the frequency
proportion of one type of thing to the total population
what is the ratio
proportion of one thing to another (one thing to the lowest number gives one ratio)
what is a monohybrid cross
between two organisms that differ with respect to one characteristic
what is Mendel’s first law and what does it state
the law of segregation states that alleles of one gene segregate from one another during the formation of gametes
what is a dihybrid cross
between two organisms that differ with respect to two characteristics
what is Mendel’s second law and what does it state
law of independent assortment states that alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation
what is a test cross
involves crossing an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknowns genotype
what is a karyotype
a photograph of the chromosomes of an actively dividing cell, showing the number, shape and size of chromosomes
should contain 22 pairs of autosome and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
what are autosomes
non-sex characteristics
what karyotype does turner syndrome have
missing one of the sex chromosomes of the pair (22 autosome pairs but only a single sex chromosome)
what disorder happens when there is an extra chromosome 21
down syndrome
what does Klinefelter syndrome have abnormal with it’s karyotype
an extra X-chromosome alongside a Y-chromosome (an x pair with a y instead of an XY)
what is a polygenic trait
a trait that has contributions from the alleles of many genes at multiple locations and separate chromosomes (ex: height, hand span, etc.)
multiple alleles are additive
steps in a forensic investigation
DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment analysis, interpreting the results
first step in DNA extraction
collect DNA sample into an isotonic solution to prevent the cell from being damaged
second step in DNA extraction
add a cell lysis solution to disrupt the bonds of the lipids and proteins that compose the membranes
third step in DNA extraction
addition of 70% ethanol as DNA is soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol so the DNA precipitates into the ethanol
what does the polymerase chain reaction do
PCR rapidly makes identical copies of DNA sequences
ingredients needed for PCR
DNA extract, the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, primers, and DNA polymerase
steps of a PCR cycle
denaturation of DNA using heat, annealing of primers by removing heat, extension of primers by adding heat again
steps in restriction fragment analysis
restriction digest, gel electrophoresis
what is restriction digest
using a restriction enzyme to cut the DNA in the PCR product into specific fragment sizes and numbers
what is gel electrophoresis
allows us to separate the restriction fragments based upon molecular size differences
uses a gel that has been submerged in salt water while using electricity to move the DNA fragments (negatively charged) the larger the DNA the less it moves down
