DNA Flashcards

1
Q

how did we figure out it was DNA and not protein as the genetical material

A

studying radioactive virus DNA and phages, seeing if radioactive phages came out of the bacteria

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2
Q

what is the stricture of DNA nucleotides

A

a deoxyribose sugar (5 carbon) with a nitrogenous base attached to the 1’ and a phosphate group attached to the 5’

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3
Q

what are purines

A

a type of nitrogenous base that has 2 rings
adenine and guanine

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4
Q

what are pyrimidines

A

a nitrogenous base that has one ring
thymine and cytosine

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5
Q

what type of bond links the DNA nucelotides

A

phosphodiester bond

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6
Q

how do DNA strands form together

A

double helix format
hydrogen bonds linking the bases (C-G with 3 H bonds, A-T with 2)
running in opposite ends of the other
(at top one strand starts as a 5’ and the other a 3’)

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7
Q

what is the conservative model of DNA replication

A

belief that once replicated one has both parental strands and the other has both replicated strands

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8
Q

what is the dispersive model of DNA replciation

A

both strands have interspersed segments of both parental and replicated DNA
(chopped up and spliced together)

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9
Q

what is the semiconservative model of DNA replication

A

each strand has one parental and one replicated strand

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10
Q

which model of DNA replication is true

A

semiconservative model

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11
Q

what was the test to see which model was true

A

soaking DNA in heavy nitrogen and then during replication switching it to a lighter nitrogen and then seeing which replication had what nitrogen

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12
Q

where are parental strands separated

A

at multiple origins of replication

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13
Q

what is a replication bubble

A

bubble that occurs at the origins of replication when they are separated

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14
Q

which direction does replication occur in at the origin of replication

A

both directions, bidirectional

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15
Q

what synthesizes the new DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

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16
Q

true or false: DNA polymerase can add nucleotides to the 5’ end

A

false, they can only add to the 3’ end

17
Q

what does the sliding clamp do

A

holds the DNA polymerase into the template strand

18
Q

what direction does synthesis occur in on each separate strand

A

from the 5’ to 3’ end for the daughter strand
(starting from the 3’ end on the parental strand)

19
Q

what is the leading strand

A

the strand that synthesizes towards replication fork where synthesis is a continuous strand towards the fork along the leading strand template

20
Q

what is the lagging strand

A

the strand that synthesizes away from the replication fork through discontinuous synthesis fragments

21
Q

what are the fragments of the lagging strand called

A

Okazaki fragments

22
Q

what enzyme unwinds the double helix and how

A

helicase breaks down hydrogen bonds between base pairs

23
Q

what is the job of the topoisomerase

A

stops extra coiling of DNA resulting form the helicase by swiveling and rejoining the DNA strands ahead

24
Q

what keeps the separated DNA strands from separating

A

single stranded binding proteins

25
Q

what does the primase do

A

places RNA primers and removes the single-stranded binding proteins locally in the process

26
Q

why do we need an RNA primer

A

to get the new replicated strand started by having an exposed 3’

27
Q

what does the DNA polymerase 3 do

A

begins making the daughter strand by placing DNA nucleotides

28
Q

true of false: the lagging strand needs multiple RNA primers compared to the leading strand

A

True, leading strand only needs one as it has a continuous synthesis

29
Q

what does DNA polymerase 1 do

A

attaches the Okazaki fragments and removes the nucleotides of the RNA primer with DNA nucleotides

30
Q

what does the DNA polymerase leave behind

A

a nick between the strands it fixes

31
Q

how do we fix a nick in the DNA strand

A

using the DNA ligase that completes the phosphodiester bond, once done the ligase leaves