Lab Exam Flashcards
What is the normal range of hematocrit?
30s to 50s
What disease would you primarily see blasts and mature granulocytes?
AML
What disease is promyelocytes seen in?
APL
How does a doctor use the reticulocyte count?
measures effective erythropoiesis, evaluate and diagnose anemia
Why is it important for a hospital to establish its own normal range for the PT and PTT?
each hospital uses different reagents, instruments, and has different patient population
What is the test that measures Stage I of coagulation?
PTT
How do you calculate a total cell count?
(# of cells counted)*(correction for dilution)*(correction for volume)
What are the two methods for measuring ESR that we used in the lab?
Westergren and Wintrobe
What disease are burr cells found in?
chronic renal disease
What is the normal range of hemoglobin?
in the teens
What disease has increased osmotic fragility?
hereditary spherocytosis
Three reasons for performing a WBC differential?
diagnose patient conditions, monitor therapy, observe RBC morphology
What is the test that measures platelet function?
bleeding time
How are the counts in pernicious anemia?
low
How would a doctor utilize this information?
doctors want patients to be 50-150% times the normal range
What is the normal values of eosinophils?
150-300
What diseases are toxic granulation seen in?
bacterial infections, pregnancy, leukemoid reactions, toxic states
What disease would you primarily see blasts and monos?
AMoL
What cells are Auer rods found in?
blasts
What is the dilution ratio used for the manual count of RBC?
1:200
What is the site of puncture for the Duke method for bleeding time?
ear
If normal plasma fails to correct an abnormal PT and PTT, what is the best explanation for the results?
circulating anticoagulant/antibody to a clotting factor
What is the diluent for the manual count of WBCs?
acetic acid
What is the principle of the CoaDATA 2000?
turbidodensitometric method, change in optical density detects the clot
Positive tube solubility method for sickle cell anemia testing appears?
cloudy/turbid
What disease has decreased osmotic fragility?
sickle cell anemia, thalassemia
Why would you choose the PTT to screen for coagulation disorders?
measures intrinsic factors
What are the factors found in absorbed plasma?
I, V, VIII, XI, XII
What diseases are hypersegmented neutrophils found in?
pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, B12 deficiency
What disease is plasma cells seen in?
multiple myeloma
What is the MCV in pernicious anemia?
increased
What are the two functions of the automatic pipette of the Fibrometer?
dispenses reagents and turns on timer
What is basophilic stippling composed of?
RNA
If a patient has an increased PTT and BT, what is the diagnosis?
von Willebrand’s disease, platelet abnormality
What disease would you find a MCH less than 32?
IDA
What disease is smudge cells seen in?
CLL
What diseases are Döhle bodies found in?
bacterial infections, pregnancy, leukemoid reactions, toxic states
How does sodium citrate work as an anticoagulant?
binds calcium
What is the normal range for PTT?
less than 35 seconds
Why would you choose the PT to screen for coagulation disorders?
measures extrinsic factors
What diseases are Howell-Jolly bodies found in?
hemolytic anemia, thalassemia
What are two tests that you would include to screen for coagulation disorders?
PT and PTT
How does the bone marrow appear in iron deficiency anemia?
no blue-green dye due to lack of iron
What is the site of puncture for the Ivy method for bleeding time?
forearm
How could you vary the counting procedure if you had to manually count an extremely high WBC count?
use a red cell pipette to make a 1:100 or 1:200 dilution
What is the system of coagulation for the PT?
extrinsic system
What is the principle of the ESR?
measures the suspension stability of the red blood cells
What is the normal values for platelets?
150,000-450,000
What diseases are associated with an increase in eosinophils?
Hodgkin’s disease, CML, parasitic infections, allergic reactions
Why would you not perform a series of specific factor assays?
expensive and time consuming
What tests did we do in labs that are used primarily in the diagnosis of fibrinolysis?
D-Dimer, Thrombo-Welco test
What is the dilution ratio used for the manual count of WBC?
1:20
What is the normal range of MCHC?
32-36
How do you correct for dilution?
reciprical of the dilution, 1:50 is 50
What diseases are myelocytes seen in?
CML and leukemoid reactions
What is the INR?
regulates/compares PTs done at different labs
How do the cells in the PBS appear in iron deficiency anemia?
hypochromic and small
What disease would you primarily see small, mature, clumpy lymphs and smudge cells?
CLL
What is the test that measures Stage II of coagulation?
PT
What is the most commonly used anticoagulant used for coagulation testing?
sodium citrate
What disease would you primarily see blasts and lymphs?
ALL
What does INR stand for?
International normalized ratio
What is a symptom of pernicious anemia?
tingling in the extremities (neurological symptoms)
What are the factors found in aged serum?
II, VII, IX, X, XI, XII
What diseases is basophilic stippling found in?
hemolytic anemia, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia
What is the normal value for retics?
0.5-2%
What is the antidote for coumadin?
vitamin K
What is the dilution ratio used for the manual count of retics?
1:2
What is the use of the PT and PTT substitution tests?
narrow down possible coagulation factors that are deficient
Why is sickle cell anemia positive for the tube solubility method?
Hgb S is insoluble
What disease would you find a MCV less than 80?
IDA
What is the normal ESR value for females?
0-20 mm/hr
What is the normal values for the Duke method for bleeding time?
1-3 minutes
What is the normal range for the PT?
10-14 seconds
What test is indicative of AMoL?
non-specific esterase stain +, completely inhibited by fluoride
What is the principle of the osmotic fragility test?
red cells are exposed to decreasing concentrations of saline to observe the point of complete hemolysis. the % hemolysis is plotted agains the concentration of saline and observe the shape of the curve.
How do you correct for volume?
1 / (#squares counted * volume of square)
What is the reagent used for the PTT?
platelet substitute and CaCl2
What is the volume of a large square in the hemocytometer?
0.1 mm^3
What is the diluent for the manual count of platelets?
ammonium oxalate
What is the normal values for the Ivy method for bleeding time?
1-7 minutes
What is the principle of the tube solubility method for sickle cell anemia screening?
expose the red cells to a reducing agent
What is the only factor that will give an increased thromboplastin time?
Fibrinogen, Factor I
What are the factors found in labile factors?
V, VIII
What is the normal value for RBCs?
in the millions
How do precursors appear in iron deficiency anemia?
jagged edge
What are some possible sources of error in coagulation testing?
improper ratio of anticoagulant to blood, sit at RT too long, expired reagents
What is the test that measures fibrinolysis?
D-Dimer
What is the volume of a small square in the hemocytometer?
0.004 mm^3
What is the normal range of MCV?
80-97
What is the dilution ratio used for the manual count of eosinophils?
1:32
What are Pappenheimer bodies made of?
iron
What diseases are Pappenheimer bodies seen in?
hemolytic anemias and splenectomy patients
What is the normal value for WBCs?
5,000-10,000
What disease would you primarily see hypersegs, oval microcytes, and dividing cells in the PBS?
pernicious anemia
What is the ESR normal value for males?
0-15 mm/hr
What is the dilution ratio used for the manual count of platelets?
1:100
What is the reagent used for the PT?
thromboplastin CaCl2 mix
What is the clinical use for PTT?
monitor heparin therapy
What is the diluent for the manual count of retics?
new methylene blue
What diseases are metamyelocytes seen in?
CML, bacterial infection, leukemoid reactions
What is the system of coagulation for the PTT?
intrinsic system
Why do you need to perform coagulation testing within two hours of specimen collection?
labile factor will start to decrease making the clotting time increase falsely
What are the two functions of the probe arm of the Fibrometer?
holds the electrodes, mixes the reagents and senses the clot
What is the clinical use of the PT?
monitor coumadin therapy
What disease would you primarily see spherocytes?
AIHA
What are the vitamin K dependent factors?
II, VII, IX, X
What is the principle of the fibrometer?
formation of a clot completes the electrical circuit, which turns off the timer.
What is the normal range of MCH?
27-32
What disease would you primarily see all stages of granulocytes, increased bands, many cells in the bone marrow, and a decreased LAP?
CML
How could you prove von Willebrand’s disease?
factor VIII assay or substitution test
What is the diluent for the manual count of RBCs?
saline
What is the diluent for the manual counts for eosinophils?
philoxine
What is the antidote for heparin?
protamine sulfate
