Exam 3 Flashcards
How is the promyelocyte differentiated from the myeloblast?
Promyelocyte has azurophillic (primary) granules
At what stage does differentiation of the granules of the cells of the myelocytic series take place?
myelocyte
How is the metamyelocyte differentiated from the myelocyte?
shape of the nucleus
What is the shape of the nucleus of the band?
band is horseshoe shaped with uniform thickness
What cell contains granules that retain the acid portion of Wright’s stain?
eosinophil
What substances are produced by eosinophil granules?
anti-histamine
What cell contains granules that are not uniform in shape?
basophils
What cell contains granules that stain with the basic portion of Wright’s stain?
basophils
What cell contains granules that may cover up the nucleus?
basophils
What are mast cells?
tissue basophils
Where do B cells originate?
bone marrow
Where do T cells originate?
thymus
How can B cells and T cell be distinguished?
through surface markers or surface immunoglobulins
What type of lymphocyte is most of the circulating lymphocytes?
T cell
What is the appearance of T cells?
small mature lymph, clumping nucleus, not much cytoplasm
During blastic transformation, what do B cells become?
plasma cells
What cell has a eccentric nucleus with clumped chromatin, basophilic cytoplasm, and a clear perinuclear halo?
plasma cells
What is another name for the clear perinuclear halo seen in plasma cells?
hof
Where are plasma cells normally found?
bone marrow
What cellular organelle is associated with the hof?
golgi apparatus
What are monocytes known as when they are in the tissues?
macrophages and histiocytes
Where do monocytes originate?
bone marrow
How would you describe the appearance of the chromatin of a monocyte?
not as clumpy as the other cells
How would you describe the shape of the nucleus of a monocyte?
lobulated
How would you describe the color of the cytoplasm of a monocyte?
slightly grey
Do monocytes have pseudopods or vacuoles?
yes, both
What is the function of the monocyte?
phagocytosis
What can be observed in neutrophils during inflammation, infection, or other toxic states?
Döhle bodies, toxic granules, and toxic vacuoles
What are Döhle bodies made of?
RNA
What do toxic granules look like?
blue/black granules in cytoplasm
What do toxic vacuoles look like?
holes in the cytoplasm
What are Russell bodies?
aggregates of immunoglobulin that stain red
Describe Alder-Reilly
abnormal azurophilic granulation
Describe Chediak-Higashi
abnormal azurophilic granulation, look like Döhle bodies
Describe May-Hegglin
abnormal platelets, Döhle-like inclusions that stain blue
Describe Pelger-Huet
dumbbell shaped, hyposegmentation of neutrophils
What is the normal WBC count?
5,000-10,000
If blood is drawn to the 0.5 mark and diluent to the 11 in a white blood cell pipette what is the resulting dilution?
1:20 dilution, standard WBC count
Given the number on both sides of the hemocytometer, how could you determine the WBC count on the performance of a standard WBC count?
average of both counts * 50
Why do you take the average of both counts * 50 in a standard WBC count?
Because it is 1:20 dilution so you use the reciprocal and divide by 0.4
What effect does hemolysis have on a WBC count?
none
Name several sources of error in the performance of a manual WBC count
too much blood or diluent, overfill or underfill diluent
How does the normal WBC count vary during the day?
higher in the evening, lower in the morning
What explanation is given for the variation of WBC count during the day?
margination
What does margination mean in regards to WBC count?
hang onto the walls at night and fall off in the morning
What is the normal eosinophil count?
77-440
What can cause an increased eosinophil count?
hypoadrenalism, allergic disease, parasitic infection, skin disease
What can cause a decreased eosinophil count?
anemia, hyperadrenalism
To compensate for the normally low number of eosinophils, what adjustment in the procedure is made when doing a manual eosinophil count?
increase the volume counted, count the entire hemocytometer
Name some hemocytometers that can be used for eosinophil and basophil count
Speirs-Levy, Fuchs-Rosenthal, New Bauer
Name several factors that can result in an excessively pink Wright’s stained smear
too acidic, overwashed, understained
What factors can result in an excessively blue Wright’s stained smear?
too alkaline, underwashed, overstained
What three things are always performed when doing a differential count?
RBC morphology, count and classify 100 cells, platelet count estimation
Why is a differential count performed?
used in diagnosis of disease, picture of overall health, monitor therapy
What is the most common type of WBC in a normal smear?
segmented neutrophil
What is the least common type of WBC in a normal smear?
basophil
What is the most common WBC in a child’s smear?
lymphocytes
What is a “shift to the left”?
increase in young cells (increase in bands)
What conditions is a “shift to the left” likely occur?
occurs in bacterial infection, pregnancy
What is the largest WBC in a normal peripheral blood smear?
monocyte
Which cells are classified as NRBCs on a peripheral blood smear?
prorubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte
If large numbers of NRBCs are observed on a peripheral blood smear, what effect will this have on the WBC count?
they are counted as WBCs, this will increase the WBC count, may falsely increase the white count
How can you correct for NRBCs?
(WBC * 100)/(100 + #NRBCs)
Where are platelets produced?
bone marrow
What is the largest blood cell normally produced by the body?
megakaryocyte
What is endomitotic division?
nucleus divides, cytoplasm enlarges, end up with multinucleate cell
What is the normal platelet count?
varies greatly; 150,000-400,000/mm3
What method employs the phase contrast microscope in counting platelets?
Brecker Cronkite
How is the manual platelet count calculated using the Unopette method?
Average # cells * 1000 in the entire center square; 0.1 mm3, 1:100 dilution, 0.1/1000
What criteria are used to estimate platelets in peripheral blood smear?
Average of 10 fields, 7-22 is adequate
Reddish-purple inclusion in blast
Auer rod
Pale blue remnants of RNA
Döhle bodies
Decreased segmentation of neutrophils
Pelger-Huet
Dark purple-black cytoplasm granules
toxic granulation
Azurophilic granulation of all white cells
Alder Reilly
