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Hematology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the promyelocyte differentiated from the myeloblast?

A

Promyelocyte has azurophillic (primary) granules

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2
Q

At what stage does differentiation of the granules of the cells of the myelocytic series take place?

A

myelocyte

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3
Q

How is the metamyelocyte differentiated from the myelocyte?

A

shape of the nucleus

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4
Q

What is the shape of the nucleus of the band?

A

band is horseshoe shaped with uniform thickness

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5
Q

What cell contains granules that retain the acid portion of Wright’s stain?

A

eosinophil

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6
Q

What substances are produced by eosinophil granules?

A

anti-histamine

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7
Q

What cell contains granules that are not uniform in shape?

A

basophils

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8
Q

What cell contains granules that stain with the basic portion of Wright’s stain?

A

basophils

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9
Q

What cell contains granules that may cover up the nucleus?

A

basophils

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10
Q

What are mast cells?

A

tissue basophils

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11
Q

Where do B cells originate?

A

bone marrow

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12
Q

Where do T cells originate?

A

thymus

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13
Q

How can B cells and T cell be distinguished?

A

through surface markers or surface immunoglobulins

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14
Q

What type of lymphocyte is most of the circulating lymphocytes?

A

T cell

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15
Q

What is the appearance of T cells?

A

small mature lymph, clumping nucleus, not much cytoplasm

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16
Q

During blastic transformation, what do B cells become?

A

plasma cells

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17
Q

What cell has a eccentric nucleus with clumped chromatin, basophilic cytoplasm, and a clear perinuclear halo?

A

plasma cells

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18
Q

What is another name for the clear perinuclear halo seen in plasma cells?

A

hof

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19
Q

Where are plasma cells normally found?

A

bone marrow

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20
Q

What cellular organelle is associated with the hof?

A

golgi apparatus

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21
Q

What are monocytes known as when they are in the tissues?

A

macrophages and histiocytes

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22
Q

Where do monocytes originate?

A

bone marrow

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23
Q

How would you describe the appearance of the chromatin of a monocyte?

A

not as clumpy as the other cells

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24
Q

How would you describe the shape of the nucleus of a monocyte?

A

lobulated

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25
Q

How would you describe the color of the cytoplasm of a monocyte?

A

slightly grey

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26
Q

Do monocytes have pseudopods or vacuoles?

A

yes, both

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27
Q

What is the function of the monocyte?

A

phagocytosis

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28
Q

What can be observed in neutrophils during inflammation, infection, or other toxic states?

A

Döhle bodies, toxic granules, and toxic vacuoles

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29
Q

What are Döhle bodies made of?

A

RNA

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30
Q

What do toxic granules look like?

A

blue/black granules in cytoplasm

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31
Q

What do toxic vacuoles look like?

A

holes in the cytoplasm

32
Q

What are Russell bodies?

A

aggregates of immunoglobulin that stain red

33
Q

Describe Alder-Reilly

A

abnormal azurophilic granulation

34
Q

Describe Chediak-Higashi

A

abnormal azurophilic granulation, look like Döhle bodies

35
Q

Describe May-Hegglin

A

abnormal platelets, Döhle-like inclusions that stain blue

36
Q

Describe Pelger-Huet

A

dumbbell shaped, hyposegmentation of neutrophils

37
Q

What is the normal WBC count?

A

5,000-10,000

38
Q

If blood is drawn to the 0.5 mark and diluent to the 11 in a white blood cell pipette what is the resulting dilution?

A

1:20 dilution, standard WBC count

39
Q

Given the number on both sides of the hemocytometer, how could you determine the WBC count on the performance of a standard WBC count?

A

average of both counts * 50

40
Q

Why do you take the average of both counts * 50 in a standard WBC count?

A

Because it is 1:20 dilution so you use the reciprocal and divide by 0.4

41
Q

What effect does hemolysis have on a WBC count?

A

none

42
Q

Name several sources of error in the performance of a manual WBC count

A

too much blood or diluent, overfill or underfill diluent

43
Q

How does the normal WBC count vary during the day?

A

higher in the evening, lower in the morning

44
Q

What explanation is given for the variation of WBC count during the day?

A

margination

45
Q

What does margination mean in regards to WBC count?

A

hang onto the walls at night and fall off in the morning

46
Q

What is the normal eosinophil count?

A

77-440

47
Q

What can cause an increased eosinophil count?

A

hypoadrenalism, allergic disease, parasitic infection, skin disease

48
Q

What can cause a decreased eosinophil count?

A

anemia, hyperadrenalism

49
Q

To compensate for the normally low number of eosinophils, what adjustment in the procedure is made when doing a manual eosinophil count?

A

increase the volume counted, count the entire hemocytometer

50
Q

Name some hemocytometers that can be used for eosinophil and basophil count

A

Speirs-Levy, Fuchs-Rosenthal, New Bauer

51
Q

Name several factors that can result in an excessively pink Wright’s stained smear

A

too acidic, overwashed, understained

52
Q

What factors can result in an excessively blue Wright’s stained smear?

A

too alkaline, underwashed, overstained

53
Q

What three things are always performed when doing a differential count?

A

RBC morphology, count and classify 100 cells, platelet count estimation

54
Q

Why is a differential count performed?

A

used in diagnosis of disease, picture of overall health, monitor therapy

55
Q

What is the most common type of WBC in a normal smear?

A

segmented neutrophil

56
Q

What is the least common type of WBC in a normal smear?

A

basophil

57
Q

What is the most common WBC in a child’s smear?

A

lymphocytes

58
Q

What is a “shift to the left”?

A

increase in young cells (increase in bands)

59
Q

What conditions is a “shift to the left” likely occur?

A

occurs in bacterial infection, pregnancy

60
Q

What is the largest WBC in a normal peripheral blood smear?

A

monocyte

61
Q

Which cells are classified as NRBCs on a peripheral blood smear?

A

prorubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte

62
Q

If large numbers of NRBCs are observed on a peripheral blood smear, what effect will this have on the WBC count?

A

they are counted as WBCs, this will increase the WBC count, may falsely increase the white count

63
Q

How can you correct for NRBCs?

A

(WBC * 100)/(100 + #NRBCs)

64
Q

Where are platelets produced?

A

bone marrow

65
Q

What is the largest blood cell normally produced by the body?

A

megakaryocyte

66
Q

What is endomitotic division?

A

nucleus divides, cytoplasm enlarges, end up with multinucleate cell

67
Q

What is the normal platelet count?

A

varies greatly; 150,000-400,000/mm3

68
Q

What method employs the phase contrast microscope in counting platelets?

A

Brecker Cronkite

69
Q

How is the manual platelet count calculated using the Unopette method?

A

Average # cells * 1000 in the entire center square; 0.1 mm3, 1:100 dilution, 0.1/1000

70
Q

What criteria are used to estimate platelets in peripheral blood smear?

A

Average of 10 fields, 7-22 is adequate

71
Q

Reddish-purple inclusion in blast

A

Auer rod

72
Q

Pale blue remnants of RNA

A

Döhle bodies

73
Q

Decreased segmentation of neutrophils

A

Pelger-Huet

74
Q

Dark purple-black cytoplasm granules

A

toxic granulation

75
Q

Azurophilic granulation of all white cells

A

Alder Reilly

Hematology (8 decks)

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