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Hematology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What controls the entrance and exit of substances into and out of blood cells?

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

Where is the main site hematopoiesis in the fetus?

A

liver

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3
Q

Where is the main site of hematopoiesis in the adult?

A

bone marrow (medullary)

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4
Q

What is the major site of extra medullary hematopoiesis?

A

spleen

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5
Q

What three major criteria are used to identify blood cells?

A

size, shape of the nucleus, appearance of the cytoplasm

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6
Q

How is bone marrow cellularity determined?

A

number of nucleated blood cells to the total number of cells and fat

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7
Q

What is the normal M:E ratio?

A

between 2:1 and 4:1, average 3:1

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8
Q

How does a doctor use a bone marrow exam?

A

aids in making a definitive diagnosis, evaluation of treatment, and assessment of iron stores

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9
Q

What is the dualistic theory of blood cell origin?

A

dual origin of white blood cells; granulocytes originate from non-granular marrow precursors and lymphocytes originate from lymphoid tissue

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10
Q

What are the stages of RBC development from youngest to oldest?

A

Rubriblast > rubricyte > metarubricyte > reticulocyte > erythrocyte

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11
Q

What is the average life of a RBC?

A

100-120 days

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12
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

mucoprotein capable of maintaining normal RBC mass

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13
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

kidneys

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14
Q

How is secretion of erythropoietin stimulated?

A

bone marrow is stimulated in response to tissue hypoxia

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15
Q

Define apoferritin

A

protein that is necessary for absorption of iron to occur

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16
Q

Define ferritin

A

submicroscopic iron

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17
Q

Define hemosiderin

A

conglomeration of ferritin, which can be seen with a microscope

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18
Q

Define transferrin

A

protein that transports iron

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19
Q

What is asynchrony?

A

nuclear maturation lags behind the cytoplasm maturation

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20
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

fragmentation of nuclear chromatin

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21
Q

What are some conditions that cause RBC count to vary?

A

high altitudes, obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of a good RBC diluent?

A

isotonic, contain a fixative to preserve shape of the RBC, prevent clumping, and have proper specific gravity

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23
Q

How do you calculate a RBC count when it is performed on a hemocytometer?

A

average of the two sides then multiplied by 10,000 because it is a 1:200 dilution

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24
Q

What is the structure of normal hemoglobin A?

A

two alpha and two beta chains

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25
Q

What pathway provides the most energy for a mature RBC?

A

Emden-Meyerhof Glycolytic Pathway

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26
Q

What pathway functions to protect hemoglobin from oxidation?

A

Hexose-mannose phosphate shunt (HMP shunt)

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27
Q

Iron in hemoglobin must be in what oxidation state to function as an oxygen carrier?

A

Fe2+

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28
Q

What molecule is hemoglobin converted to in the Sahli method of hemoglobin determination?

A

acid hematin

29
Q

What is the most commonly used method for hemoglobin determination in the modern hematology lab?

A

Cyanmethemoglobin method

30
Q

What hemoglobin pigment cannot be converted to oxyhemoglobin?

A

sulfhemoglobin

31
Q

Which manual hematology procedure is the most reliable and reproducible?

A

hematocrit

32
Q

What test measures the percentage of the RBC volume of whole blood?

A

hematocrit

33
Q

How is the hematocrit test performed?

A

height of the RBC compared to the height of the cells and the plasma

34
Q

Two methods for performing hematocrit

A

Wintrobe and the micro method

35
Q

What method is preferred for performing hematocrit?

A

micro method

36
Q

Why is the micro method preferred over the Wintrobe method for finding the hematocrit?

A

simple and most reproducible, takes a small amount of blood and does not need any special equipment besides the centrifuge

37
Q

What test measures the “suspension stability” of RBCs?

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

38
Q

Name two methods used for the ESR

A

wintrobe-landesburg and Westergren method

39
Q

Which method used to find ESR uses saline?

A

Westergren

40
Q

Why is saline used in the Westergren method of calculating ESR?

A

believed to offset any effect of anemia

41
Q

What factors can cause an increased ESR?

A

abnormal amounts of fibrinogen or globulins, bacterial infections, multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia

42
Q

What factors can cause a decreased ESR?

A

sickle cell anemia, spherocytosis, polycythemia

43
Q

equation for MCV

A

(Hct / RBC) * 10

44
Q

equation of MCH

A

(Hgb / RBC) * 10

45
Q

equation for MCHC

A

(Hgb / Hct) * 100

46
Q

What is the rule of three?

A

three times the RBC is the hemoglobin and three times the hemoglobin is the hematocrit

47
Q

What test is the most reliable assessment of the effective erythroid activity of the bone marrow?

A

reticulocyte count

48
Q

What is the normal reticulocyte count for an adult?

A

about 1%

49
Q

What stains are used for a reticulocyte count?

A

supravital stains: new methylene blue, and brilliant crassly blue

50
Q

How are reticulocytes observed on a wright’s stained smear?

A

polychromatophilic

51
Q

What reagent is used for the sickle cell solubility test?

A

sodium dithionite

52
Q

What reagent is used for the slide test?

A

sodium metabisulfite

53
Q

How is the solubility test read?

A

tube is held one inch from the lined reader scale

54
Q

What constitutes a negative solubility test?

A

if the lines can be seen

55
Q

How is the slide test read?

A

checking for the appearance of sickle cells or “holly-leaf’ forms under the microscope

56
Q

What is the reagent used in the osmotic fragility test?

A

saline

57
Q

How is the osmotic fragility test read?

A

read the color of the supernatant on the spectrophotometer

58
Q

What conditions cause an increased osmotic fragility?

A

some acquired hemolytic anemias, spherocytosis

59
Q

What conditions cause a decreased osmotic fragility?

A

target cells, thalassemia, Hgb C, sickle cell anemia

60
Q

What type of RBCs are placed into the structure category?

A

Howell-Jolly bodies, cabot rings, basophilic stippling, Heinz bodies, Pappenheimer bodies

61
Q

What type of RBCs are placed into the size category?

A

macrocytes, anisocytes, microcytes

62
Q

What type of RBCs are placed into the shape category?

A

sickle cell anemia, schistocytes, ovalocytes, elliptocytes, blister cells

63
Q

What are the different categories that RBCs can be placed into based on color?

A

hypochromia and polychromia

64
Q

What is the chemical composition of basophilic stippling?

A

RNA

65
Q

What is the chemical composition of Heinz bodies?

A

denatured hemoglobin

66
Q

What is the chemical composition of Howell-Jolly bodies?

A

DNA

67
Q

What is the chemical composition of Pappenheimer bodies?

A

Iron

68
Q

Which abnormal RBC can be counted as a reticulocyte?

A

basophilic stippling

Hematology (8 decks)

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