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Hematology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of acute leukemia?

A

progresses rapidly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, mostly immature cells

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2
Q

What ages is acute leukemia seen in?

A

can be seen in all ages, most common in children

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic leukemia?

A

progresses slowly, mature cells in peripheral blood

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4
Q

What ages is chronic leukemia seen in?

A

occurs mostly in adults

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5
Q

What environmental factors can increase the incidence of leukemia?

A

chemicals, ionizing radiation, infections or disease processes, genetic factors, hormones

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6
Q

What does FAB stand for?

A

French American British

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7
Q

What is FAB classification?

A

classifies acute leukemias

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8
Q

What cytochemical stains or cellular constituents are used to diagnose AML?

A

Sudan Black B +, peroxidase +, LAP decreased, Auer rods may be present

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9
Q

Which leukemia is associated with an increased incidence of bleeding disorders?

A

APL Acute promyelocytic leukemia due to abnormal granules

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10
Q

What is Naegli’s leukemia?

A

AMML, myelomonocyte is the predominant cells, all stages of monocytes and myelocytes are seen

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11
Q

What does AMML stand for?

A

acute myelomonocytic leukemia

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12
Q

What cytochemical stains are positive in ALL?

A

PAS and TDT

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13
Q

What does PAS stand for?

A

periodic acid-schiff

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14
Q

What cytochemical stains are positive in AMoL?

A

non-specific esterase, completely inhibited by fluoride, peroxidase

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15
Q

What cytochemical stains are positive in AMML?

A

both specific esterase and non-specific esterase are weakly positive, not completely inhibited by fluoride, peroxidase

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16
Q

What cytochemical stains are positive in erythroleukemia?

A

PAS

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17
Q

What are the predominant cells seen on a differential in CML?

A

all stages of granulocytes, peak in myelocytes and neutrophils

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18
Q

What is the bone marrow cellularity in CML?

A

bone marrow 100%

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19
Q

What is the percentage of blasts in CML?

A

10% or less

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20
Q

What is the number of eos and basos in CML?

A

increased up to 10%

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21
Q

What is the frequency of blast crises found in CML?

A

70% blast crises, usually terminates in blast crises

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22
Q

What type of leukemia is most frequently seen in children?

A

ALL

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23
Q

What type of leukemia is most frequently seen in middle age?

A

CML

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24
Q

What type of leukemia is most frequently seen in older patients?

A

CLL

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25
Q

What does the PBS in CLL usually show?

A

small very mature lymphs, smudge cells, increased eos, basos, and all stages of granulocytes

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26
Q

What does the bone marrow in CLL usually show?

A

sheets of small lymphs will be seen (40-100%)

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27
Q

What leukemia is characterized by “fluffy” undifferentiated cells?

A

stem cell leukemia

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28
Q

What is another name for erythroleukemia?

A

DeGuglielmo’s syndrom

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29
Q

What does erythroleukemia usually terminate in?

A

AML

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of myeloid metaplasia?

A

tear drop cells, bizarre platelets, anemia, bone marrow has been replaced by noncellular elements

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31
Q

What doe tear drop cells indicate?

A

extramedullary hematopoiesis

32
Q

What are the characteristics of leukemia reactions?

A

young white cells, shift to the left, LAP increased, Döhle bodies, toxic granulation, toxic vacuoles

33
Q

Name several causes leukopenia.

A

viral infections, severe neutropenia, radiation, certain bacterial infections, immunosupression, certain drugs

34
Q

What is agranulocytosis?

A

severe reduction in neutrophils with marked leukopenia

35
Q

What is the WBC count in agranulocytosis?

A

200 or less

36
Q

What is the RBC count in agranulocytosis?

37
Q

What is the platelet count in agranulocytosis?

38
Q

What is another name for hairy cell leukemia?

A

leukemia reticuloendotheliosis

39
Q

What type of cell does hairy cell leukemia involve?

40
Q

Patients with ALL can relapse due to repopulation of the peripheral blood will cells from the blood with the cells from the?

A

CNS, spinal fluid

41
Q

With what condone is the foam cell associated?

A

Niemann Pick Disease

42
Q

With what condition is Reed-Sternberg cell associated?

A

Hodgkin’s disease

43
Q

With what condition is Downey cell associated?

A

Infections mononucleosis

44
Q

With what condition is plasma cell associated?

A

multiple myeloma

45
Q

What is the WBC abnormality indicated by Bence-Jones Protein?

A

multiple myeloma

46
Q

What is the WBC abnormality indicated by increased platelets?

47
Q

What is the WBC abnormality indicated by Philadelphia chromosome?

A

CML, very increased platelets, LAP =

48
Q

What is the WBC abnormality indicated by Rouleaux formation?

A

multiple myeloma

49
Q

What is the WBC abnormality indicated by phagocytes with ingested, altered nucleoprotein?

A

SLE cell (lupus)

50
Q

What is the WBC abnormality indicated by leukemoid reaction with increased eos?

A

Hodgkin’s disease

51
Q

What is the WBC abnormality indicated by negative LAP?

52
Q

What is the WBC abnormality indicated by presence of Auer rods?

A

AMML, AMoL, AML, erythroleukemia

53
Q

What is the WBC abnormality indicated by hypo segmentation of neutrophils?

A

Pelger-Huet

54
Q

What is the WBC abnormality indicated by increased basophils?

A

CML, mast cell leukemia, basophilic leukemia

55
Q

What are the characteristics of Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia?

A

Rouleaux, cryoglobulins, plasma cytoid lymph, greatly increased sed rate, IgM

56
Q

What is the L. E. factor?

A

anti-nucleoprotein IgG antibody

57
Q

What portion of the blood specimen is used to make and L. E. preparation?

A

buffy coat

58
Q

What test should be done to confirm a diagnosis of SLE?

A

anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)

59
Q

Describe the appearance of an atypical lymph.

A

enlarged, looks like monocyte, scallops around adjacent RBC, take shape of surrounding RBCs, looks blue where it touches RBC

60
Q

Describe the appearance of an Auer rod?

A

Pinkish rod-shaped inclusion usually in blasts (AML, AMML, AMoL)

61
Q

Describe the appearance of Döhle bodies

A

leukemoid reactions, small blue inclusions in periphery of neutrophil

62
Q

What abnormalities can be found in association with IM?

A

positive heterophile antibody test, antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus, ATLs

63
Q

What is the use of LAP?

A

differentiate CML (=) form from neutrophil leukemoid reactions (+)

64
Q

What is the use of myeloperoxidase?

A

differentiate ALL (=) from AML (+)

65
Q

What is the use of PAS?

A

positive in ALL and erythroleukemia

66
Q

What is the use of NBT?

A

positive when patient has recent bacterial infection; cells recently phagocytic, used to distinguish bacterial from nonbacterial infections

67
Q

What is the use of TdT?

A

positive for ALL

68
Q

What is the enzyme test used in TdT?

A

deoxynucleotidaltransferase, confirms ALL

69
Q

Which cells are myeloperoxidiase negative?

A

lymphocytes and blasts

70
Q

What is the most common childhood non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

71
Q

What is the principle of operation of the Hema-Tek slide stainer?

A

fix, stain, air dry, and rinse

72
Q

What is the impedance principle of cell counting?

A

cell interrupts the flow of electrons, creating resistance

73
Q

What is the principle of flow cytometry?

A

interruption of a light source as it passes through a flow cell

74
Q

What RBC parameters are directly measured by the coulter LH (and the Mindray BC-3200)?

A

MCV, HgB, RBCs, WBCs

75
Q

What RBC parameters are calculated by the Coulter LH (and the Mindray BC-3200)?

A

Hct, MCH, MCHC

76
Q

When using an impedance counter, why is it necessary that the cell counts be corrected for coincidence?

A

more than one cell can pass through at one time; more than 10,000 WBCs should be corrected

Hematology (8 decks)

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