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Hematology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What conditions produce a microcytic/hypochromic blood picture? (6)

A

thalassemia, Cooley’s anemia, iron deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, lead poisoning, hookworm infection

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1
Q

How is a Downey cell described?

A

scalloping around the RBCs

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1
Q

What is the end result of stage I?

A

plasma thromboplastin

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2
Q

What are the TIBC results in IDA?

A

increased

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3
Q

What type of leukemia is indicated by increased incidence of bleeding disorders?

A

APL

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3
Q

What condition would be described as acute granulocytopenia?

A

agranulocytosis (neutropenia)

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4
Q

What are the tests useful in the diagnosis of DIC?

A

bleeding time, PT and PTT, platelet count, factors I, V, and VIII

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5
Q

What type of leukemia is indicated by presence of myelomonocytes?

A

AMML

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5
Q

What is the immediate response to vessel injury?

A

vasoconstriction

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5
Q

What is the tourniquet test?

A

measures capillary fragility

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5
Q

What is the use for Lee-White clotting time?

A

monitors heparin therapy

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6
Q

What is the name for Factor X?

A

Stuart Prower

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6
Q

What is the final end products of the breakdown of fibrin and of fibrinogen?

A

fragment E and two D-fragments

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7
Q

What factors do the intrinsic and extrinsic systems have in common?

A

I, II, V, X

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8
Q

What is the name for Factor IV?

A

calcium

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8
Q

What is the thrombin time test?

A

measures the availability of fibrinogen

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8
Q

What is the factor for which the Stypven time is most useful?

A

Factor VII

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9
Q

What are the intrinsic factors?

A

I, II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

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9
Q

What are the adsorbed plasma factors?

A

I, V, VIII, XI, XII

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9
Q

What is the principle of the coagulyzer or MLA?

A

formation of clot changes optical density of light detected by photoelectric cell and shuts off the timer

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9
Q

What test will distinguish between primary and secondary fibrinolysis?

A

D-Dimer and protamine sulfate test

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11
Q

What are the serum iron results in IDA?

A

decreased

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12
Q

What does the PBS of a patient with IDA show?

A

microcytic/hypochromic cells

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12
Q

What is the name for Factor IX?

A

Christmas factor

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12
Q

Which factor that is not made in the liver is increased in liver disease?

A

VIII

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13
Q

What plasminogen activators are now being used to treat heart attack and stroke victims?

A

tPA, streptokinase, urokinase

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14
Q

What are the causes of bleeding? (4)

A

trauma, decreased plasma clotting factor synthesis, DIC, genetic defects

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14
Q

What are the factors which can influence clot retraction?

A

fibrinogen level, platelet count must be normal, thromboplastin VI

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15
Q

What portion of the red blood cells is damaged leading to the formation of burr cells and thorn cells?

A

membrane

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15
Q

What are the laboratory findings in PCH?

A

+ DAT, + Donath Landsteiner, symptoms occur after exposure to cold

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15
Q

What is the effect of aspirin on testing, especially the bleeding time and Saltzmann glass bead test?

A

increases it

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16
Q

What is another word for thromboplastin VI?

A

thrombosthenin

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia?

A

abnormal platelet function

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17
Q

What are the laboratory findings in Hodgkin’s disease?

A

increased eos, decreased lymphs, increased monos, Reed-Sternberg cell

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Hemophilia B?

A

IX deficiency, increased PTT, Christmas disease

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18
Q

What are the labile factors?

A

V, VIII

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20
Q

What type of leukemia is indicated by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome?

A

CML

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20
Q

What are the factors that do not have an enzymatically active form?

A

V and VIII

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21
Q

What type of leukemia is indicated by the presence of “hyper mature lymphs” and smudge cells?

A

CLL

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22
Q

What level must be reached for a clotting factor to cause an abnormality in coagulation?

A

must get below 30-40% to be abnormal

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23
Q

What is the mode of action of heparin?

A

neutralizes thrombin

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24
Q

What is the factor deficiency that would be incompatible with life?

A

IV

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25
Q

What does ITP stand for?

A

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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26
Q

What will PTT not detect?

A

platelet abnormality

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28
Q

What conditions produce a macrocytic/ normochromic picture? (6)

A

pernicious anemia, folate deficiency, B12 deficiency, liver disease, alcoholism, D. latum infection

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29
Q

What is the name for Factor XII?

A

Hageman’s factor

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31
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of hereditary ovalocytosis?

A

ovalocytes are seen, does not need bone marrow to confirm, normal central pallor

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32
Q

What is meant by platelet adhesion?

A

sticks to surfaces

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33
Q

What reagents can be used to prepare adsorbed plasma?

A

Al(OH)3 and BaSO4

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35
Q

What are the typical laboratory findings in acute leukemia?

A

anemia, thrombocytopenia, young cells

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36
Q

What comprises the initial plug in the wall of an injured vessel?

A

platelets

38
Q

What type of leukemia is indicated by extreme thrombocytosis?

A

CML

39
Q

What is the use of the prothrombin consumption test?

A

measures amount of prothrombin remaining in serum after clotting

41
Q

What body fluid is used for the Schilling test?

A

urine

42
Q

What is another name for heterozygous alpha thalassemia?

A

Hgb H disease

43
Q

What is the end result of stage III?

A

fibrin

44
Q

What is the substance which converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

A

thrombin

45
Q

What is the use of the euglobulin lysis?

A

fibrinolytic activity

46
Q

What causes relative polycythemia?

A

stress, dehydration

47
Q

What is the precursor of thrombin?

A

prothrombin

47
Q

What deficiency is PT especially sensitive to?

A

deficiency in Factor VII

48
Q

What is plasma recalcification time?

A

amount of time required for a clot to form in plasma after you add the calcium back

50
Q

What is the name for Factor II?

A

prothrombin

52
Q

What are the typical findings in the PBS in pernicious anemia or vitamin B12 deficiency? (6)

A

pancytopenia, oval macrocytes, hypersegs, NRBCs, Howell-Jolly bodies, basophilic stippling

53
Q

What leukemia is most frequently seen in patients over the age of 50?

A

CLL

54
Q

What factor deficiency causes an increased bleeding time?

A

Factor VIII deficiency

55
Q

What is the name for Factor VIII?

A

anti-hemophilic factor

56
Q

What is the substance which initiates the extrinsic system?

A

tissue factor III

58
Q

What type of leukemia is indicated by positive chloroacetate esterase stain?

A

AMML

59
Q

What is the “end stage” of DiGuglielmo’s syndrome?

A

AML

60
Q

What are the hemoglobin electrophoresis results in sickle cell anemia

A

Hgb S and F

62
Q

Which chain of the hemoglobin molecule is abnormal in hemoglobin C disease, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia major?

A

Beta chain

63
Q

What are the vitamin K dependent factors?

A

II, VII, IX, X

64
Q

What is the LE factor?

A

anti-nucleoprotein IgG antibody

66
Q

What is the specific cause of thalassemia?

A

decreased rate of synthesis of either alpha or beta chain

67
Q

What is the substance which initiates the intrinsic system?

A

PF III

68
Q

What is the name for Factor XI?

A

plasma thromboplastin antecedent

69
Q

What poikilocyte is associated with extra medullary hematopoiesis?

A

tear drop cells

71
Q

What is the name for Factor V?

A

labile factor

72
Q

What is the name for Factor III?

A

tissue thromboplastin

73
Q

How do you distinguish between Hemophilia A and VonWillebrand’s disease?

A

bleeding time

75
Q

What test is the most reliable assessment of the effective erythroid activity of the bone marrow?

A

retic count

76
Q

What does the PBS of a patient with sickle cell trait usually show?

A

occasional target cells

77
Q

What is AMML also referred to as?

A

Naegli’s leukemia

79
Q

What is the most unusual and significant finding in patients suffering from AIHA?

A

positiva DAT

79
Q

What are the laboratory findings in multiple myeloma?

A

occasional plasma cell, Bence-Jones protein in the urine, rouleaux, increased ESR

80
Q

What hemoglobin in insoluble in reducing agents such as sodium dithionite and sodium metabisulfite?

A

Hgb S

80
Q

What are the characteristics of ITP?

A

due to anti-platelet antibodes

81
Q

Can Hemophilia A and B be clinically differentiated?

A

no, not without further testing

82
Q

What are the characteristics of Hemophilia A?

A

VIII deficiency, sex linked, increased PTT

84
Q

What is meant by platelet aggregation?

A

platelets stick to each other

85
Q

What is the the Schilling test?

A

indirect measure of intrinsic factor for pernicious anemia

86
Q

What is substitution testing?

A

narrow down clotting factors that may be deficient

87
Q

What factors are removed when plasma is adsorbed?

A

II, VII, IX, X

89
Q

What is the principle of the fibrometer?

A

formation of the clot completes the circuit and turns off the timer

90
Q

What disease is indicated by a positive ANA?

A

SLE lupus

91
Q

What type of leukemia is indicated by positive periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain?

A

ALL

91
Q

What factor does the 5 M urea test detect?

A

Factor XIII

93
Q

What are the typical findings in the bone marrow in pernicious anemia or vitamin B12 deficiency? (4)

A

megaloblasts, big WBC precursors (giant bands, metas)

94
Q

What are the characteristics of hereditary telangiectasia?

A

vascular defect

96
Q

What abnormalities could be indicated by an increased PTT?

A

liver disease, any of the hemophilias, circulating anticoagulant

98
Q

What are the components which are depleted in DIC?

A

I, V, VIII, platelets

100
Q

What are macropolycytes?

A

large cells with 5-7 lobes in nucleus

102
Q

What are the aged serum factors?

A

II, VII, IX, X, XI, XII

103
Q

What is the normal values for fibrinogen?

A

200-400 mg/dL

104
Q

What is viscous metamorphosis?

A

irreversible platelet aggregation

106
Q

What is another name for tissue factor III?

A

tissue thromboplastin

107
Q

What is the mode of action of coumadin?

A

anti-vitamin K

108
Q

Which platelet factor is most instrumental in the clotting process?

A

factor III

108
Q

What is the end result of stage II?

A

thrombin

109
Q

What type of leukemia is indicated by Auer rods and a positive peroxidase stain?

A

AML

110
Q

What are the liver factors?

A

all except factor VIII

111
Q

What test is used to monitor heparin?

A

PTT

112
Q

What is anti-thrombin III?

A

heparin cofactor, must have for heparin to work

113
Q

What are the components of thromboplastin?

A

Xa, PF III, Ca ions, V

115
Q

What poikilocyte is associated with ABO HDN?

A

spherocytes

116
Q

What are the extrinsic factors?

A

I, II, V, VII, X

117
Q

With what conditions is a decreased LAP associated?

A

CML, AML, increased leukemoid reactions

118
Q

What test is used to monitor coumadin?

A

PT

119
Q

What is the name for Factor I?

A

Fibrinogen

121
Q

What are the characteristics of VonWillebrand’s disease

A

increased PTT, increased bleeding time, platelet abnormality

122
Q

What is the activated substance responsible for clot lysis?

A

plasmin

123
Q

What are the characteristics of parahemophilia?

A

Factor V deficiency

124
Q

What type of cells might be expected to be found in the bone marrow of a leukemic patient?

A

same cells as in PBS

125
Q

What is another name for homozygous alpha thalassemia?

A

Bart’s disease

126
Q

What is the normal value for thrombin time?

A

15-20 seconds

Hematology (8 decks)

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