Lab Exam #3 Flashcards
1
Q
major function of the respiratory system
A
oxygen transport
carbon dioxide transport
2
Q
what controls blood CO2 levels
A
breathing
3
Q
location of respiratory gas exchange
A
alveoli (air sacs)
4
Q
movement of gas
A
from location of higher to location of lower Partial Pressure
5
Q
henry´s law
A
dissolved gas is proportional to partial pressure of the gas
6
Q
quiet inspiration
A
contraction of diaphragm
increases volume of the chest
decreases intrathoracic pressure
7
Q
expiration
A
diaphragm relaxes
volume decreases
increase in intrathoracic pressure
8
Q
forceful breathing
A
obvious rib movement
use of other muscles
9
Q
what controls the breathing movements
A
central nervous system
spontanous breathing controlled by the respiratory center in the medulla of the brain
10
Q
location of chemoreceptors sensitive to oxygen partial pressure
A
aorta and carotid arteries
11
Q
techniques for recording respiratory variables
A
spirometry
12
Q
what depends the efficiency of gas exchange on
A
ventilation
13
Q
COPD
A
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
14
Q
technique to measure air flow
A
pneumotachometer
15
Q
how does a pneumotachometer work
A
measure the pressure on either side of the mesh membrane
small plastic tubes transmit pressure difference to Spirometer Pot
16
Q
calculation of volume with pneumotachometer
A
as an integral
V = integral F*dt
17
Q
what does the integral of a pneumotachometer represent
A
summation
18
Q
what causes problems in volume measurement
A
differences of air temperature between spirometer pod and exhaled air
19
Q
Tidal volume
A
amount of air inspired and expired during normal breathing
20
Q
normal breathing frequence
A
15 cycles per min
21
Q
expired minute volume (VE)
A
Flow (f) * Tidal Volume (VT)
22
Q
volume of air remaining in lungs after a full expiration
A
residual volume (RV)
23
Q
obstructive pulmonary disease
A
blocking or narrowing of air passageway
24
Q
restrictive lung disease
A
reduction in functional lung tissue
25
high total minute volume during exercise
hyperpnea - driven by increased CO2 production
26
oxygen debt
breathing remains elevated after exercise because oxygen demand remains elevated
27
correction of respiratory volume measurement
with BTPS
28
pathway air takes from outside to alveolus
```
nasal cavity
casopharynx, pharynxx
trachea
primary bronchi
seondary bronchi
bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar sacss
alveoli
```
29
responsibility of mucociliary ladder
picks up dust, pollen, fibers
30
hyperventilation
increased breathing rate
| [CO2] drops below normal
31
rebreathing
[CO2] increases
| causes increase in breathing rate
32
volume relation of inspired and expired air
expired air has greater volume than inspired air
33
vital capacity
max. amount of air that can be expire after max inspiration
34
forced expiratory volume
volume of air a person can forcibly expire in 1 sec.
35
buffer
substance that does not allow change in solutions pH when small amount of base or acid are added
36
why does ventilation rate increase during exercise
because of increased production of CO2
37
blood [CO2] during exercise
does not change because of increased ventilation
38
eupnea
normal respiration
39
apnea
cessation (Stillstand) of breathing
40
Hyperpnea
abnormal increase in debth and rate of breathing
41
Dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
42
polypnea
increased respiratory rate
43
trachypnea
excessively rapid respiratory rate
44
anoxia
total lack of oxygen
45
hypercapnia
excess (überschüssig) CO2 in blood
46
Asphyxia
lack of oxygen resulting in death
47
atelectasis
collapse of the alveoli
48
dead space
respiratory passages where gas exchange does not occur
49
composition of renal system
two kidneys
two ureters
urine bladder
50
kidney function
filter blood
control body water, electrolyte and pH balance
secrets renin and erythropoietin
51
hormones that kidney function is linked to
ADH
Aldosterone
ANP
Renin
52
aplicator that tests urine for variety of substances (glucose and protein)
mulistix applicator
53
specific gravity
density of substance/density of water
54
range of specific gravity
1.010 - 1.025
55
machine used in class to determine specific gravity
refractometer
56
Na+ reabsorbed by kidneys
Cl- follows passively
57
sediment
at bottom of urine filled tube after centrifuged
58
4 systems that regulate Na+ content in ECF
ANP
Na+ reabsorbtion in distal convoluted tubulesand Loop of Henle
aldosterone
pressure natriuresis
59
what stimulates the release of ADH
increased plasma osmolarity
| decreased palsma volume
60
what does ADH secretion result in
increased water retention
61
what stimulates the release of aldosterone
decreased plasma volume
| decreased plasma osmolarity
62
what does aldosterone secretion result in
increased water and Na+ retention (Aufbewahrung)
63
what stimulates the release of ANP
increased plasma volume
| increased ECF [Na+]
64
what does ANP secretion result in
decreased Na+ reabsorbtion and water retention
65
what stimulates the release of Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis
increased plasma volume
66
what does Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis resulr in
increased urine output
| increased Na+ excretion
67
test results of saline consuming subject
ADH secretion: no change
Aldosterone secretion: no change
ANP secretion: increased
Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis: increased urine output
68
test results of normal hydrated subject
ADH secretion: decreases
Aldosterone secretion: increase
ANP secretion: decreases
Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis: increase in urine production
69
test results of overhydrated subject
ADH secretion: decreases
Aldosterone secretion:
ANP: if plasma volume is high enough ANP will be secreted
Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis: increased urine excretion
only subject with pH increase
only one where pH changes (increase)
70
test results of dehydrated subject
ADH secretion: increases
Aldosterone secretion:
ANP: no effect
Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis: no effect
71
hormone secreted in response tp angotensin II
aldosterone
72
countercurrent multiplier
```
function of loop of henle
creating concentration gradient arount nephron
```
73
ADH
secreted posterior pituitary
| acts on cells in collecting ducts and nephron
74
Aldosterone
secreted from adrenal cortex
| acts on cells in distal convoluted tubule and nephron
75
amylase
enzyme that can breakdown carbs
| in saliva
76
testing for starch
Lugol´s test
| positive by purple color
77
testing for sugar
benedict´s test
78
enzyme that digests protein
pepsin
79
enzyme to digest fats
pancreatic lipase
80
optimal solution for starch/carb digestion
starch + saliva
| after no starch present, but maltose (sugar)
81
what does amylase break carbs down to
sugar
82
optimal solution for protein digestion
protein + pepsin + HCl at 37 degrees C
83
why is protein + pepsin + HCl at 37 degrees C the perfect solution
because the solution is closest to solution in stomach
pepsin -> right enzyme
HCl -> stomach is a acidic environment (correct pH)
37 degrees -> body temp.
84
optimal solution for fat digestion
cream + bile salts + pancreatic lipase
85
why is cream + bile salts + pancreatic lipase the optimal solution for fat digestion
cream - fat
pancreatic lipase - enyme that digests fat
bile salt - supports breakdown of fat
86
result of fat digestion
drop of pH
87
how to increase surface area in SI
folds
villi
microvilli
88
folds in SI
rugae and plicae
89
villi
folds in epithelium
90
microvilli
folds in cell membrane of intestinal cells
91
pancreatic juice production
produced by acinar cells
secreted into pancreatic ducts
released into duodenum
92
insulin production
produced by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans
| secreted into blood
93
effects HCl has on protein and starch digestion with pepsin and amylase
low pH good for pepsin to function
| prevents function of salivary amylase
94
what protects the stomach from acidic substance inside of it
mucus secreted by goblet cells
95
why does the pH drop after fat digestion
digested fat forms fatty acids -> lower pH
96
organs that control blood glucose
pancreas
| liver
97
what hormone organizes mainly the glucose transport
insulin
98
when is insuling released
as a response to increasing concentration
99
blood glucose concentration in a healthy individual
90mg%
100
other insulin secretion stimuli
increasing blood amino acid
| different hormones
101
NS that inhibits insulin secretion
sympathetic NS
102
NS that promotes insulin secretion
parasympathetic NS
103
diabetes mellitus
abnormal high blood sugar, glucose in urine, ketones in urine
104
physiological symptoms of type II diabetes
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
105
polyuria
glucose appeares in urine do to higher blood conc. than renal threshold (180mg%)
106
polydipsia
loss of water from urination causes increased consuption of fluid
107
polyphagia
frequent eating
108
byproducts of fat metabolism
ketones excreted by kidneys (keytoneuria) & lungs (keytone breath)
109
blood glucose level below normal range
hypoglycemia
110
symptoms of hypoglycemia
weakness, hunger, temors, cold skin, nervousness
111
use of glucose
cellular metabolism
112
responsibility of glucagon
mobilizing stored sugar via glycogenolysis in liver
| producing new glucose via gluconeogenesis in liver
113
type I diabetes mellitus
10% of diabetic population
inadequate secretion of inculin
destruction of beta cells due to autoimmune disease
114
type II diabetes mellitus
90% of diabetic population
insulin levels normal
decreased responsiveness to insulin due to inoperative receptor cells, too few receptors orthe second messanger cascade is non-operational
115
untreated diabetes mellitus
1. higher than normal fasted blood glucose level
2. blood glucose level peaks higher (surpasses often renal threshold)
3. 3-5 h to return to present levels
116
greatest risks to people with diabetes
production of acidic keytones
insulin shock
ketoacidosis
high blood sugar
117
relationship of obesity and diabetes
obesity is a trigger for diabetes type II
118
what causes reduced blood flow in diabetic individuals
molecules on surface of bloodvessels become sticky -> substances bind to these sugars and produce blockage of vessel lumen
119
relationship between diabetes and gangrene
diabetics have higher possibility to injure extremity because of less sensation -> develop infection and gangrene
