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Biol 66 - Human Physiology > Lab Exam #3 > Flashcards

Lab Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

major function of the respiratory system

A

oxygen transport

carbon dioxide transport

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2
Q

what controls blood CO2 levels

A

breathing

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3
Q

location of respiratory gas exchange

A

alveoli (air sacs)

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4
Q

movement of gas

A

from location of higher to location of lower Partial Pressure

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5
Q

henry´s law

A

dissolved gas is proportional to partial pressure of the gas

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6
Q

quiet inspiration

A

contraction of diaphragm
increases volume of the chest
decreases intrathoracic pressure

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7
Q

expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes
volume decreases
increase in intrathoracic pressure

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8
Q

forceful breathing

A

obvious rib movement

use of other muscles

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9
Q

what controls the breathing movements

A

central nervous system

spontanous breathing controlled by the respiratory center in the medulla of the brain

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10
Q

location of chemoreceptors sensitive to oxygen partial pressure

A

aorta and carotid arteries

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11
Q

techniques for recording respiratory variables

A

spirometry

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12
Q

what depends the efficiency of gas exchange on

A

ventilation

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13
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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14
Q

technique to measure air flow

A

pneumotachometer

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15
Q

how does a pneumotachometer work

A

measure the pressure on either side of the mesh membrane

small plastic tubes transmit pressure difference to Spirometer Pot

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16
Q

calculation of volume with pneumotachometer

A

as an integral

V = integral F*dt

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17
Q

what does the integral of a pneumotachometer represent

A

summation

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18
Q

what causes problems in volume measurement

A

differences of air temperature between spirometer pod and exhaled air

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19
Q

Tidal volume

A

amount of air inspired and expired during normal breathing

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20
Q

normal breathing frequence

A

15 cycles per min

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21
Q

expired minute volume (VE)

A

Flow (f) * Tidal Volume (VT)

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22
Q

volume of air remaining in lungs after a full expiration

A

residual volume (RV)

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23
Q

obstructive pulmonary disease

A

blocking or narrowing of air passageway

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24
Q

restrictive lung disease

A

reduction in functional lung tissue

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25
Q

high total minute volume during exercise

A

hyperpnea - driven by increased CO2 production

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26
Q

oxygen debt

A

breathing remains elevated after exercise because oxygen demand remains elevated

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27
Q

correction of respiratory volume measurement

A

with BTPS

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28
Q

pathway air takes from outside to alveolus

A 
nasal cavity
casopharynx, pharynxx
trachea
primary bronchi
seondary bronchi
bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar sacss
alveoli
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29
Q

responsibility of mucociliary ladder

A

picks up dust, pollen, fibers

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30
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased breathing rate

[CO2] drops below normal

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31
Q

rebreathing

A

[CO2] increases

causes increase in breathing rate

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32
Q

volume relation of inspired and expired air

A

expired air has greater volume than inspired air

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33
Q

vital capacity

A

max. amount of air that can be expire after max inspiration

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34
Q

forced expiratory volume

A

volume of air a person can forcibly expire in 1 sec.

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35
Q

buffer

A

substance that does not allow change in solutions pH when small amount of base or acid are added

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36
Q

why does ventilation rate increase during exercise

A

because of increased production of CO2

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37
Q

blood [CO2] during exercise

A

does not change because of increased ventilation

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38
Q

eupnea

A

normal respiration

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39
Q

apnea

A

cessation (Stillstand) of breathing

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40
Q

Hyperpnea

A

abnormal increase in debth and rate of breathing

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41
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

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42
Q

polypnea

A

increased respiratory rate

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43
Q

trachypnea

A

excessively rapid respiratory rate

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44
Q

anoxia

A

total lack of oxygen

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45
Q

hypercapnia

A

excess (überschüssig) CO2 in blood

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46
Q

Asphyxia

A

lack of oxygen resulting in death

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47
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of the alveoli

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48
Q

dead space

A

respiratory passages where gas exchange does not occur

49
Q

composition of renal system

A

two kidneys
two ureters
urine bladder

50
Q

kidney function

A

filter blood
control body water, electrolyte and pH balance
secrets renin and erythropoietin

51
Q

hormones that kidney function is linked to

A

ADH
Aldosterone
ANP
Renin

52
Q

aplicator that tests urine for variety of substances (glucose and protein)

A

mulistix applicator

53
Q

specific gravity

A

density of substance/density of water

54
Q

range of specific gravity

A

1.010 - 1.025

55
Q

machine used in class to determine specific gravity

A

refractometer

56
Q

Na+ reabsorbed by kidneys

A

Cl- follows passively

57
Q

sediment

A

at bottom of urine filled tube after centrifuged

58
Q

4 systems that regulate Na+ content in ECF

A

ANP
Na+ reabsorbtion in distal convoluted tubulesand Loop of Henle
aldosterone
pressure natriuresis

59
Q

what stimulates the release of ADH

A

increased plasma osmolarity

decreased palsma volume

60
Q

what does ADH secretion result in

A

increased water retention

61
Q

what stimulates the release of aldosterone

A

decreased plasma volume

decreased plasma osmolarity

62
Q

what does aldosterone secretion result in

A

increased water and Na+ retention (Aufbewahrung)

63
Q

what stimulates the release of ANP

A

increased plasma volume

increased ECF [Na+]

64
Q

what does ANP secretion result in

A

decreased Na+ reabsorbtion and water retention

65
Q

what stimulates the release of Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis

A

increased plasma volume

66
Q

what does Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis resulr in

A

increased urine output

increased Na+ excretion

67
Q

test results of saline consuming subject

A

ADH secretion: no change
Aldosterone secretion: no change
ANP secretion: increased
Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis: increased urine output

68
Q

test results of normal hydrated subject

A

ADH secretion: decreases
Aldosterone secretion: increase
ANP secretion: decreases
Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis: increase in urine production

69
Q

test results of overhydrated subject

A

ADH secretion: decreases
Aldosterone secretion:
ANP: if plasma volume is high enough ANP will be secreted
Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis: increased urine excretion
only subject with pH increase
only one where pH changes (increase)

70
Q

test results of dehydrated subject

A

ADH secretion: increases
Aldosterone secretion:
ANP: no effect
Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis: no effect

71
Q

hormone secreted in response tp angotensin II

A

aldosterone

72
Q

countercurrent multiplier

A 
function of loop of henle
creating concentration gradient arount nephron
73
Q

ADH

A

secreted posterior pituitary

acts on cells in collecting ducts and nephron

74
Q

Aldosterone

A

secreted from adrenal cortex

acts on cells in distal convoluted tubule and nephron

75
Q

amylase

A

enzyme that can breakdown carbs

in saliva

76
Q

testing for starch

A

Lugol´s test

positive by purple color

77
Q

testing for sugar

A

benedict´s test

78
Q

enzyme that digests protein

A

pepsin

79
Q

enzyme to digest fats

A

pancreatic lipase

80
Q

optimal solution for starch/carb digestion

A

starch + saliva

after no starch present, but maltose (sugar)

81
Q

what does amylase break carbs down to

A

sugar

82
Q

optimal solution for protein digestion

A

protein + pepsin + HCl at 37 degrees C

83
Q

why is protein + pepsin + HCl at 37 degrees C the perfect solution

A

because the solution is closest to solution in stomach
pepsin -> right enzyme
HCl -> stomach is a acidic environment (correct pH)
37 degrees -> body temp.

84
Q

optimal solution for fat digestion

A

cream + bile salts + pancreatic lipase

85
Q

why is cream + bile salts + pancreatic lipase the optimal solution for fat digestion

A

cream - fat
pancreatic lipase - enyme that digests fat
bile salt - supports breakdown of fat

86
Q

result of fat digestion

A

drop of pH

87
Q

how to increase surface area in SI

A

folds
villi
microvilli

88
Q

folds in SI

A

rugae and plicae

89
Q

villi

A

folds in epithelium

90
Q

microvilli

A

folds in cell membrane of intestinal cells

91
Q

pancreatic juice production

A

produced by acinar cells
secreted into pancreatic ducts
released into duodenum

92
Q

insulin production

A

produced by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans

secreted into blood

93
Q

effects HCl has on protein and starch digestion with pepsin and amylase

A

low pH good for pepsin to function

prevents function of salivary amylase

94
Q

what protects the stomach from acidic substance inside of it

A

mucus secreted by goblet cells

95
Q

why does the pH drop after fat digestion

A

digested fat forms fatty acids -> lower pH

96
Q

organs that control blood glucose

A

pancreas

liver

97
Q

what hormone organizes mainly the glucose transport

A

insulin

98
Q

when is insuling released

A

as a response to increasing concentration

99
Q

blood glucose concentration in a healthy individual

A

90mg%

100
Q

other insulin secretion stimuli

A

increasing blood amino acid

different hormones

101
Q

NS that inhibits insulin secretion

A

sympathetic NS

102
Q

NS that promotes insulin secretion

A

parasympathetic NS

103
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

abnormal high blood sugar, glucose in urine, ketones in urine

104
Q

physiological symptoms of type II diabetes

A

polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia

105
Q

polyuria

A

glucose appeares in urine do to higher blood conc. than renal threshold (180mg%)

106
Q

polydipsia

A

loss of water from urination causes increased consuption of fluid

107
Q

polyphagia

A

frequent eating

108
Q

byproducts of fat metabolism

A

ketones excreted by kidneys (keytoneuria) & lungs (keytone breath)

109
Q

blood glucose level below normal range

A

hypoglycemia

110
Q

symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

weakness, hunger, temors, cold skin, nervousness

111
Q

use of glucose

A

cellular metabolism

112
Q

responsibility of glucagon

A

mobilizing stored sugar via glycogenolysis in liver

producing new glucose via gluconeogenesis in liver

113
Q

type I diabetes mellitus

A

10% of diabetic population
inadequate secretion of inculin
destruction of beta cells due to autoimmune disease

114
Q

type II diabetes mellitus

A

90% of diabetic population
insulin levels normal
decreased responsiveness to insulin due to inoperative receptor cells, too few receptors orthe second messanger cascade is non-operational

115
Q

untreated diabetes mellitus

A
  1. higher than normal fasted blood glucose level
  2. blood glucose level peaks higher (surpasses often renal threshold)
  3. 3-5 h to return to present levels
116
Q

greatest risks to people with diabetes

A

production of acidic keytones
insulin shock
ketoacidosis
high blood sugar

117
Q

relationship of obesity and diabetes

A

obesity is a trigger for diabetes type II

118
Q

what causes reduced blood flow in diabetic individuals

A

molecules on surface of bloodvessels become sticky -> substances bind to these sugars and produce blockage of vessel lumen

119
Q

relationship between diabetes and gangrene

A

diabetics have higher possibility to injure extremity because of less sensation -> develop infection and gangrene

Biol 66 - Human Physiology (13 decks)

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