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Biol 66 - Human Physiology > Chapter 11 Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

what are endocrine glands doing

A

secreting hormones, some secrete multiple

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2
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

a major control system

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3
Q

what are glands

A

group of epithelial cells or an organ that secretes chemical substances

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4
Q

2 types of cells

A

endocrine glands

exocrine cells

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5
Q

endocrine cells

A

ductless

secrete hormones into bloodstream - travel to target

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6
Q

exocrine cells

A

are ducted

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7
Q

what is a hormone

A

biologically active molecule that works as a messenger
often a protein
secreted by glands
travel through body to target cell (through blood)

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8
Q

four types of hormones

A

amines
polypeptide and protein hormones
glycoproteins
steroids

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9
Q

amines hormones

A

develop from tyrosin and tryptophan (amino acids)

thyroid hormones and catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

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10
Q

polypeptide and protein hormones

A 
larger chains (>100 AA) are proteins, shorter = polypeptide chains
some undergo modification
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11
Q

glycoproteins

A

protein connected to carbohydrate group

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12
Q

steroids

A

lipids based build on cholesterol
adrenal cortex secretescorticosteroids ans sex steroids
gonads secrete sex steroids

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13
Q

3 types of input that can control the hormone secretion

A

mineral ions or organic nutrients
neurotransmitters
hormones

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14
Q

how can mineral ions and organic nutrients affect the hormone secretion

A

concentration can affect hormone secretion

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15
Q

how can neurotransmitters affect the hormone secretion

A

neurotransmitter affect the stimulation of glands
some glands are controled by the autonomic nervous system
others are directly controlled by brain neurons

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16
Q

how can other hormones affect the hormone secretion

A

tropic or trophic hormones - stimulate the secretion of other hormones

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17
Q

what have polypeptides, glycoproteins and catecholamines in common

A

water-soluable (polar) - dissolvable in plasma
binds to receptors in membrane of target cell
activate second messanger system

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18
Q

what have steroids and thyroid hormones in common

A 
lipid soluable (non-polar)
in plasma bound to carrier proteins
binds to receptor in cytosol after passing membrane of target cell
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19
Q

what does the respons of the target cell depend on

A

the concentration of hormone and effects of other hormones on tissue

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20
Q

synergism

A

2+ hormones work together to produce result

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21
Q

permissiveness

A

one hormone needs to be present in order for another hormone to be fully effective

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22
Q

what effects can prolonged hormone exposure have on receptors

A

up-regulation

down-regulation

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23
Q

what is up-regulation

A 
# of receptors increases due to long exposure to low concentration of hormones
increase responsivness of target cell
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24
Q

what is down-regulation

A 
# of receptors decreases due to a long exposure to high concentration of hormones
decrease responsivness of target cell
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25
Q

what does the concentration of hormones in blood depend on

A

the rate of secretion

rate of removal

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26
Q

how are hormones removed

A

excretion (kidneys - in urin)

inactivation by metabolism (breaking down in the liver)

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27
Q

what is the pituitary gland divided in

A

posterior- and anterior pituitary gland

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28
Q

what is the pituitary gland affected by

A

hypothalamus

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29
Q

relationship between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

A

posterior pituitary gland stores and releases hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus

30
Q

relationship between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

A

produces and secretes hormones, but controlled by hypothalamus

31
Q

where are axons located that transport hormones from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

32
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin

vasopressin (ADH)

33
Q

oxytocin

A

acts on smooth muscle

34
Q

vasopressin (ADH)

A

acts on vascular smooth muscle to increase blood pressure

35
Q

how does secretion of anterior pituitary gland hormones work

A

tropic hormones from hypothalamus cause secretion of anterior pituitary gland hormones

36
Q

3 hormone sequence

A
  1. hypophysiotropic hormone secreted from hypothalamus
  2. anterior pituitary hormone
  3. a hormone from anothe endocrine gland to affect target cell
37
Q

in what system do tropic hormones from the hypothalamus travel

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

38
Q

what does the 3 hormone sequence also work as

A

negative feedback loop

39
Q

stress hormones

A

cortisol

epinephrine

40
Q

characteristics of cortisol

A

secreted by adrenal cortex

pituitary-adrenal axis

41
Q

charcteristics of epinephrine

A 
catecholamine secreted by adrenal medulla
sympathoadrenal axis (stimulated by sympathetic nervous system - fight or flight)
42
Q

functions of epinephrine

A

increases heart rate
increases respiratory rate
shifts blood to skeletal muscle

43
Q

different regions of adrenal gland

A

medulla and cortex - secrete different hormones

44
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

catecholamines (E, NE)

45
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A

corticosteroids

46
Q

functions of cortisol

A

decrease inflammatory and immune functions
increase blood suger leverl
maintainance of cellular concentration of enzymes for metablolic homeostasis (liver)
…

47
Q

adrenal insufficiency

A

low plasma cortisol level
wekaness, low BP, low blood glucose
result of autoimmune attack or anterior pituitary tumor

48
Q

cushing´s syndrome

A

high plasma cortisol level
diabetes-like syndromes, high BP
result of ACTH-secreting tumor or adrenal tumor or long term steroid medication

49
Q

where is the thyroid gland located

A

neck

50
Q

what are thyroid follicles surrounded and filled by

A

follicular cells

colloid

51
Q

what do follicular cells synthesize

A

T3

thyroxine T4

52
Q

thyroid gland hormones

A

triiodothryonine (T3)

thryoxine (T4)

53
Q

what do triiodothryonine and thryoxine have in common

A

contain iodide

54
Q

synthesis of thyroid hormone

A

iodide from ISF (blood) enter colloid
iodide oxidezes and attaches to throsine ring of thyroglobulin
enzymes modify and couple
thyroglobulin contains hormones enters follicular cells
T3 and T4 are release from throglobulin
T3 and T4 are secreted into ISF (blood)

55
Q

2 types of oxidized iodide attached to tyrosine ring of thyroglobulin

A

MIT (monoiodotyrosine)

DIT (diiodotyrosine)

56
Q

what does T3 result from

A

one MIT attached to one DIT

57
Q

what does T4 result from

A

two DITs coupled

58
Q

what does the synthesis of thyroid hormones require

A

iodide

59
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotropin from anterior pituitary

60
Q

what does TSH stimulate

A

follicle activity

61
Q

TRH

A

throtropin-releasing hormone, from hypothalamus

62
Q

what is TSH stimulated by

A

TRH

63
Q

what are the 3 hormone sequences to control the function of the thyroid

A

TRH (hypothalamus)
TSH (anterior pituitary)
T3/T4 thyroid gland

64
Q

function of thyroid hormone

A

stimulates carbohydrates from small intestine = energy for metabolism
increases fatty acid release from adipocytes = energy for metabolism
generates heat = temp. homeostasis

65
Q

hypothyroidism

A

lower thyroid hormone concentration in plasma than normal

enlarged thyroid or goiter

66
Q

what defect can causes hypothyroidism

A

primary- (at thyroid), secondary- (at anterior pituitary) or tertiary (at hypothalamus)

67
Q

what are symptoms of hypothyrodism

A

cold intolerance, weight gain

68
Q

hyperthyrodism

A

higher thyroid hormone concentration in plama than normal

69
Q

what can cause hyperthyroidism

A

hormone secreting tumors of thyroid

disease called Graves´ Disease

70
Q

symptoms of hyperthroidism

A

heat intolerance
weight loss
goter has T3 and T4 reduce TSH secretion but cannot turn off antibody production

Biol 66 - Human Physiology (13 decks)

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