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Biol 66 - Human Physiology > Chapter 10 Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of information do receptors recieve

A

Sensory

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2
Q

What do receptors do

A

Transduce different energy forms into graded potentials which initiate action potentials

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3
Q

Where do receptors send information

A

To the CNS through Afferent sensory

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4
Q

Name the 5 different receptors and what do they respond to

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors = touch/pressure
  2. Thermoreceptors = temperature
  3. Photoreceptors = light
  4. Chemoreceptors = chemicals
  5. Nociceptors = pain
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5
Q

What is a Receptor potential

A

Graded potential in sensory receptor in response to environmental stimulus

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6
Q

What does the transduction process involve

A

opening and closing of ion channels

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7
Q

What is adaptation and what does it lead to

A

Decrease in receptor sensitivity during maintained stimulation
Leads to… decrease in AP frequency in afferent neuron

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8
Q

What are the two types of adaptation

A

Phasic (fast adapting receptor) = AP very quickly cease
e.g Pressure when seating

Tonic (slow adapting receptors) = persistent or slow decay of the firing APs
e.g. joint and muscle receptors that maintain posture

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9
Q

What is somatic sensation

A 
Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temperature
Proprioception - posture and movement
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10
Q

What is chemosensation

A 
Taste = Gustation
Smell = Olfaction
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11
Q

Where are taste cells located

A

Taste buds on the surface of the tongue

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12
Q

Taste buds are located on

A

lingual papillae

Papilla = small bump

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13
Q

Name the 5 taste categories and where they are localised on the tongue

A 
Bitter = back
Sweet = tip
Sour = sides
Salty = tip
Umami = pharynx
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14
Q

What taste category is related to H+

A

Sour

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15
Q

What taste category is related to Na+

A

Salty

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16
Q

What does GPCR stand for

A

Gene protein couple receptors

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17
Q

What steps allow us to smell

A

Odorants bind to the proteins in the membrane of cilia attached to dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons

  1. GPCR
  2. Axons of receptor neurons synapse onto olfactory bulb of brain
  3. Unique pattern of activity that brain interprets to percieve an odor
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18
Q

How many odors are coded and how many receptor proteins

A

10,000

380

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19
Q

What does the Vestibular system do and where is it located

A

Senses:
Head position
Head movement = angular acceleration in 3 dimensions
Linear acceleration

Structures are in the inner ear

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20
Q

What are the two otolith organs and what do they do

A
  1. Saccule
  2. Utricle

Sense linear acceleration with respect to gravity
Each sensor has a mass of Otoliths on top of a gelatinous substance

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21
Q

Where do Olfactory receptor cells synapse

A

In the 2 olfactory bulbs

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22
Q

What are Otoliths and what do they cover

A

Calcium carbonate crystals

Utricle and saccule
Makes them heavier

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23
Q

What are semicircular canals and what do they do

A

Fluid filled endolymph

They sense ANGULAR ACCELERATION of the head in three Dimensions (X-Y-Z)

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24
Q

What do each semicircular canal have

A

Crista (sensory organ)

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25
Q

What does each crista have and what happens to it

A

gelatinous mass, cupula on top

It is pushed by endolymph movement

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26
Q

Sensory hair cells are located where

And what does each hair cell have

A

Otolith organs

Kinocilium and Stereocilla

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27
Q

What does bending of the

stereocilla do

A

Stimulates or inhibits action potential frequency

Therefore effects membrane potential

28
Q

The movement of fluid will cause what to bend which stimulates hair cells

A

Cupula

29
Q

Sound can be the result of vibration of what (3)

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

30
Q

What do sound waves cause to move and what occurs because of this movement

A

auditory structures which transduce into action potentials

31
Q

Define frequency and what does it determine

A

number of cycles per second

Determines Pitch

32
Q

Define Intensity and what does it determine

A

Amplitude of wave

Determines Loudness

33
Q

sound pathway

A

pinna and external auditory meatus focus sound waves on tympanic membrane - moves malleus, incus, stapes - stapes conveys vibration to oval window - leads to movement in cochlea fluid - makes basilar membrane of the Cochlea move

34
Q

high frequencies (high ptched sound)

A

large vibration in basal cochlea

35
Q

low frequencies (low pitched sound)

A

large vibration in apical cochlea

36
Q

what is the vibration of the basilar membrane called

A

tonotopic

37
Q

Organ of Corti

A

functional unit of cochlea

basilar membrane + hair cells + tectorial membrane

38
Q

movement of membranes withing Organ of Corti

A

bending of hair cells - depolarization - neurotransmitter release - APs in sensory neurons

39
Q

photoreceptors that light stimulates

A

rods and cones

40
Q

what is the visible wavelength spectrum

A

400-750 nm

41
Q

acronym for electromagnetic spectrum

A

ROY GBIV

42
Q

blue, red

A

short wavelength, long wavelength

43
Q

3 layers of the eye

A

fibrous tunic (sclera), choroid, retina

44
Q

fibrous tunic

A

sclera, cornea

45
Q

choroid

A

pupil (opening for light entrance)
Iris (pigment muscle around pupil, controls pupillary dialation and constriction)
Uvea (blood vessels)
Ciliary muscle (lens accomodation)

46
Q

retina

A

rods and cones

47
Q

fovea

A

highest concentration of cones, greatest visual acuity

48
Q

optic nerve

A

transports information from eye to brain

49
Q

blind spot

A

exit point of optic nerve

no photoreceptors

50
Q

accomodation

A

changing shape of lens to focus light on retina
far vision: thin lens
near vision: fat lens

51
Q

visual pathway

A

Cornea - aqueous humor - pupil (controlled by lens) - vitrous humor - retina

52
Q

image on retina

A

upside down

53
Q

far vision

A

relaxed ciliary muscles
high tension on suspensory ligament (zonular fibers)
flat lens
controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

54
Q

near vision

A

contracted ciliary muscles
relaxed suspensory ligament (zonular fibers)
fat lens (rounded)
controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system

55
Q

Farsightedness

A

Hyperopia
eyeball to short (rays focus behind retina)
correction with convex convergine lens

56
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Myopia
eyeball to long (rays focus in front of retina)
correction with concave divergine lens

57
Q

Astigmatism

A

unusal curvature of the lens
rays do not focus
correction with uneven lens

58
Q

normal vision

A

emmetropia

59
Q

photopigment in photoreceptors

A

opsin and retinal

in rods = rhodopsin

60
Q

when are photoreceptors activated

A

when light produces a chemical change in the photopigment

61
Q

rods

A

most sensitive photoreceptor
black and white vision
vision in dim light

62
Q

cones

A

color vision

high resolution vision (fine detail)

63
Q

G protein

A

transforms chemical change to electrical signal

called transducin

64
Q

3 photopsins (types) of photoreceptors in cone cells that provide color sensitivity

A

red, green, blue

each type responds to different wavelength

65
Q

effect of light on retina in the dark

A

Na+ channels are open
creating a “dark current”
depolarization
Actionpotential

66
Q

effect of light on retina in the light

A

Na+ channels are closed

hyperpolarization

Biol 66 - Human Physiology (13 decks)

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