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Biol 66 - Human Physiology > Chapter 16 Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

ventilation

A

mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs - breathing

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2
Q

gas exchange

A

between air and blood in lungs and blood and other tissues

via diffusion

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3
Q

oxygen utilization

A

use of oygen in cell respiration

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4
Q

where doese gas exchange occur

A

alveoli

end of airways

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5
Q

what are alveoli formed of

A

clusters of epithelium air sacs

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6
Q

type I alveolar sac

A

form most of the epithelium

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7
Q

type II alveolar sac

A

secrete surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse

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8
Q

upper airways

A

nose/mouth
pharynx
larynx

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9
Q

conducting zones

A

structures before respiratory zone

mouth to terminal bronchioles

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10
Q

responsibility of conducting yone

A

warmes, humifiesa and filters inspired air

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11
Q

respiratory zone

A

region of gas exchange

respiratory bronchioles, aleolar ducts and alveolar sacs

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12
Q

air pathway

A 
nose/mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
broncus
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
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13
Q

what are trachea and bronchi surrounded by

A

cartialage rings

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14
Q

what causes airflow in bronchioles

A

contraction/relaxation of circular smooth muscle

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15
Q

protective mechanisms

A

nasal hairs
mucus escalator
bronchconstriction
macrophages

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16
Q

mucus escalator

A

keeps lungs clean

cells that carry mucus to üüharynx to be swallowed

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17
Q

bronchconstriction

A

response to irritation

prevents unwanted matter to enter alveoli

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18
Q

macrophage

A

WBC in airways and alveoli to destroy inhaled particles and bacteria

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19
Q

movement of air

A

from high pressure to low pressure region

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20
Q

what causes pressure difference

A

changes in lung volume

contraction and relaxation of lung muscle

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21
Q

movement of air in and out of the lungs

A

passively because of lower and greater pressure than atmosphere

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22
Q

inspiration

A

movement of air from external environment

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23
Q

pressure inside lungs

A

intra-alveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure - Palv

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24
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure of fluid surrounding lungs - Pip

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25
transpulmonary pressure
difference between inside and outside the lungs Ptp = Palv - Pip 3 during inspiration
26
equation of air flow
Air flow = deltaP/R = (Palv - Palv)/R pressure in inversely proportional to V (high V = airpessure decreases) If Palv < Patm - inspriation if Palv > Patm - expiration
27
Boyle´s law
P1V1 = P2V2 | volume of lungs determines pressure in lungs
28
law of laplace
P=2T/r relationship between pressure, surface tension (T) and radius (r) higher pressure in smaller alveoli
29
partial pressure
[%] x 760 mmHg | pressure of a single gas (in which direction they flow)
30
compliance of the lung
strechability of the lung
31
elasticity of the lung
ability to go back to normal size after streching
32
surface tension of the lung
inside of alveoli are lined withw ater while filled with air | increase the pressure
33
surfactant
secreted by type II aleveoli reduces surface tension makes it easier for cell to expand
34
what is inspiration a result of
expansion of thoracic cage due to contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscle -> decreases Palv Palv < Patm
35
what causes expiration
muscle relaxation - chest wall and lungs recoil inward reduced lung volume -> increased Palv Palv > Patm
36
average atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg
37
responsibility of transpulmonary pressure
keep lungs stuck to thoracic wall
38
tidal volume
amount of air moved in or out in a single breathing cycle (500mL)
39
Inspiratory
3000mL
40
expiratory reserve volume
1200mL
41
lungs vital capacity
4700mL
42
residual volume
amount of air that must remain in lungs to prevent alveolar collapse (1200mL)
43
gas exchange within alveoli
gas in liquid follows pressure gradient
44
pathway from oxygen
alveoli - capillaries - vessels - tissue - ISF- cell
45
pathway of carbon dioxide
cell - ISF - blood vessels - capillaries - alveoli
46
amount of gas
oxygen volume enterin bloodstream equals consume | carbon dioxide produced by cells equals expiration
47
respiratory quatient (RQ)
ratio of Co2 produced to O2 consumed
48
resistance and pressure in the pulmonary vessels
low
49
Dalton´s Law
total pressure of a mixture of gases = sum of individual pressure
50
individual pressure
=partial pressures = [%] x 760 mmHg
51
Henry´s Law
concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
52
individual pressure of oxygen
much higer compared to CO2 in capillary pulmonary veins | almost same in right atrium
53
where do signals originate that control the respiratory
meduallary respiratory center of medulla oblongata
54
pulmonary relaxation
when AP stops
55
location of peripheral chemoreceptors
heart (aorta)
56
location of central chemoreceptors
medulla oblongata
57
what do central and peripheral chemoreceptors respond to
changes in P(O2), P(CO2), [H+9] (acid)
58
CO2 chemistry
CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid) <=> H+ + HCO3- (Bicarbonate)
59
hypoventilation
inadequate ventilation P(CO2) increases & pH falls (due to increased H+ when carbonic acid releases H+) increase in ventilation rate
60
hyperventilation
increased ventilation P(CO2) decreases & pH increases (due to excessive elimination of carbonic acid) decrease in ventilation rate
61
low blodd P(O2)
increases chemoreceptor sensitivity to increased P(CO2)
62
amount of oxygen in blood
20%
63
major oxygen transport component
hemoglobin (98.5%)
64
bloods oxygen carrying capacity
determined by hemoglobin concentration
65
hemoglobin composition
4 globins (polypeptide chains) with 4 heme, each has one Fe atom (oxygen binding site)
66
oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin with oxygen
67
deoxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin from which O2 has seperated
68
oxyhemoglobin saturation in arteries/veins
arteries: almost 100% veins: 75%
69
Bohr effect
lower pH decreases the affinity (Anziehung) of hemoglobin for oxygen
70
what else affects hemoglobin oxygen bond
temperature
71
CO2 transport in blood
10% dissolved as a gas in plasma 20% as carbaminohemoglobin (bound to deoxyhemoglobin) 70% transported as HCO3- (bicarbonate)
72
what does a high P(CO2) favor in systemic capillaries
formation of carbonic acid
73
reverse chloride shift
convert carbonic acid to H2O and CO2-
74
normal pH range of blood plasma
7.35-7.45
75
who regulates pH concentration
lungs (C02 regulation) | kidney (HCO3- regulation)
76
what is H+ generated by
reactions involving CO2
77
acidosis
pH below 7.35
78
respiratory acidosis
based on plasma [CO2]
79
metabolic acidosis
based on plasma [HCO3-]
80
Alkalosis
pH over 7.45
81
why does ventilation increase during exercise
to keep up with increased metabolism | arterial oxygen, CO2 and pH stay constant
82
ventilation at high altitude
``` decreased atmospheric pressure decreased P(O2) decreased % oxyhemoglobin saturation deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level decreased P(O2) -> increased ventilation to decrease arterial P(CO2) ```

Biol 66 - Human Physiology (13 decks)

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