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Biol 66 - Human Physiology > Chapter 16 Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

ventilation

A

mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs - breathing

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2
Q

gas exchange

A

between air and blood in lungs and blood and other tissues

via diffusion

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3
Q

oxygen utilization

A

use of oygen in cell respiration

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4
Q

where doese gas exchange occur

A

alveoli

end of airways

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5
Q

what are alveoli formed of

A

clusters of epithelium air sacs

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6
Q

type I alveolar sac

A

form most of the epithelium

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7
Q

type II alveolar sac

A

secrete surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse

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8
Q

upper airways

A

nose/mouth
pharynx
larynx

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9
Q

conducting zones

A

structures before respiratory zone

mouth to terminal bronchioles

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10
Q

responsibility of conducting yone

A

warmes, humifiesa and filters inspired air

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11
Q

respiratory zone

A

region of gas exchange

respiratory bronchioles, aleolar ducts and alveolar sacs

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12
Q

air pathway

A 
nose/mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
broncus
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
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13
Q

what are trachea and bronchi surrounded by

A

cartialage rings

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14
Q

what causes airflow in bronchioles

A

contraction/relaxation of circular smooth muscle

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15
Q

protective mechanisms

A

nasal hairs
mucus escalator
bronchconstriction
macrophages

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16
Q

mucus escalator

A

keeps lungs clean

cells that carry mucus to üüharynx to be swallowed

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17
Q

bronchconstriction

A

response to irritation

prevents unwanted matter to enter alveoli

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18
Q

macrophage

A

WBC in airways and alveoli to destroy inhaled particles and bacteria

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19
Q

movement of air

A

from high pressure to low pressure region

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20
Q

what causes pressure difference

A

changes in lung volume

contraction and relaxation of lung muscle

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21
Q

movement of air in and out of the lungs

A

passively because of lower and greater pressure than atmosphere

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22
Q

inspiration

A

movement of air from external environment

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23
Q

pressure inside lungs

A

intra-alveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure - Palv

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24
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure of fluid surrounding lungs - Pip

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25
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

difference between inside and outside the lungs Ptp = Palv - Pip
3 during inspiration

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26
Q

equation of air flow

A

Air flow = deltaP/R = (Palv - Palv)/R
pressure in inversely proportional to V (high V = airpessure decreases)
If Palv < Patm - inspriation
if Palv > Patm - expiration

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27
Q

Boyle´s law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

volume of lungs determines pressure in lungs

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28
Q

law of laplace

A

P=2T/r
relationship between pressure, surface tension (T) and radius (r)
higher pressure in smaller alveoli

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29
Q

partial pressure

A

[%] x 760 mmHg

pressure of a single gas (in which direction they flow)

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30
Q

compliance of the lung

A

strechability of the lung

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31
Q

elasticity of the lung

A

ability to go back to normal size after streching

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32
Q

surface tension of the lung

A

inside of alveoli are lined withw ater while filled with air

increase the pressure

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33
Q

surfactant

A

secreted by type II aleveoli
reduces surface tension
makes it easier for cell to expand

34
Q

what is inspiration a result of

A

expansion of thoracic cage due to contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscle -> decreases Palv
Palv < Patm

35
Q

what causes expiration

A

muscle relaxation - chest wall and lungs recoil inward
reduced lung volume -> increased Palv
Palv > Patm

36
Q

average atmospheric pressure

A

760 mmHg

37
Q

responsibility of transpulmonary pressure

A

keep lungs stuck to thoracic wall

38
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air moved in or out in a single breathing cycle (500mL)

39
Q

Inspiratory

A

3000mL

40
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

1200mL

41
Q

lungs vital capacity

A

4700mL

42
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air that must remain in lungs to prevent alveolar collapse
(1200mL)

43
Q

gas exchange within alveoli

A

gas in liquid follows pressure gradient

44
Q

pathway from oxygen

A

alveoli - capillaries - vessels - tissue - ISF- cell

45
Q

pathway of carbon dioxide

A

cell - ISF - blood vessels - capillaries - alveoli

46
Q

amount of gas

A

oxygen volume enterin bloodstream equals consume

carbon dioxide produced by cells equals expiration

47
Q

respiratory quatient (RQ)

A

ratio of Co2 produced to O2 consumed

48
Q

resistance and pressure in the pulmonary vessels

A

low

49
Q

Dalton´s Law

A

total pressure of a mixture of gases = sum of individual pressure

50
Q

individual pressure

A

=partial pressures = [%] x 760 mmHg

51
Q

Henry´s Law

A

concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas

52
Q

individual pressure of oxygen

A

much higer compared to CO2 in capillary pulmonary veins

almost same in right atrium

53
Q

where do signals originate that control the respiratory

A

meduallary respiratory center of medulla oblongata

54
Q

pulmonary relaxation

A

when AP stops

55
Q

location of peripheral chemoreceptors

A

heart (aorta)

56
Q

location of central chemoreceptors

A

medulla oblongata

57
Q

what do central and peripheral chemoreceptors respond to

A

changes in P(O2), P(CO2), [H+9] (acid)

58
Q

CO2 chemistry

A

CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid) <=> H+ + HCO3- (Bicarbonate)

59
Q

hypoventilation

A

inadequate ventilation
P(CO2) increases & pH falls (due to increased H+ when carbonic acid releases H+)
increase in ventilation rate

60
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased ventilation
P(CO2) decreases & pH increases (due to excessive elimination of carbonic acid)
decrease in ventilation rate

61
Q

low blodd P(O2)

A

increases chemoreceptor sensitivity to increased P(CO2)

62
Q

amount of oxygen in blood

A

20%

63
Q

major oxygen transport component

A

hemoglobin (98.5%)

64
Q

bloods oxygen carrying capacity

A

determined by hemoglobin concentration

65
Q

hemoglobin composition

A

4 globins (polypeptide chains) with 4 heme, each has one Fe atom (oxygen binding site)

66
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin with oxygen

67
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin from which O2 has seperated

68
Q

oxyhemoglobin saturation in arteries/veins

A

arteries: almost 100%
veins: 75%

69
Q

Bohr effect

A

lower pH decreases the affinity (Anziehung) of hemoglobin for oxygen

70
Q

what else affects hemoglobin oxygen bond

A

temperature

71
Q

CO2 transport in blood

A

10% dissolved as a gas in plasma
20% as carbaminohemoglobin (bound to deoxyhemoglobin)
70% transported as HCO3- (bicarbonate)

72
Q

what does a high P(CO2) favor in systemic capillaries

A

formation of carbonic acid

73
Q

reverse chloride shift

A

convert carbonic acid to H2O and CO2-

74
Q

normal pH range of blood plasma

A

7.35-7.45

75
Q

who regulates pH concentration

A

lungs (C02 regulation)

kidney (HCO3- regulation)

76
Q

what is H+ generated by

A

reactions involving CO2

77
Q

acidosis

A

pH below 7.35

78
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

based on plasma [CO2]

79
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

based on plasma [HCO3-]

80
Q

Alkalosis

A

pH over 7.45

81
Q

why does ventilation increase during exercise

A

to keep up with increased metabolism

arterial oxygen, CO2 and pH stay constant

82
Q

ventilation at high altitude

A 
decreased atmospheric pressure
decreased P(O2)
decreased % oxyhemoglobin saturation
deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level
decreased P(O2) -> increased ventilation to decrease arterial P(CO2)

Biol 66 - Human Physiology (13 decks)

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