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Biol 66 - Human Physiology > Chapter 13 Blood, Heart and Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Blood, Heart and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

equation for cardiac output (heart´s activity)

A

HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume)

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2
Q

cells of the heart

A

Myocardiocytes

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3
Q

small part of cells that determine the heart rate

A

autorythmic cells (also considered as myocardiocytes)

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4
Q

MAP

A

mean arterial pressure

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5
Q

what is mean arterial pressure

A

drives blood

sum of diastolic pressure and 1/3 of difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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6
Q

circulatory system

A

organ system

transports molecules & substances in plasma

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7
Q

divisions of the circulatory system

A

cardiovascular- & lymphatic system

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8
Q

components of the cardiovascular system

A

heart
vessels/vascular system
blood

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9
Q

heart

A

muscular organ
pump
heart rate and strength can vary

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10
Q

veesels

A

pipes of different diameter

interconected

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11
Q

blood

A

fluid (volume and viscosity (thickness) vary
contains water, solutes and cells
average 5.5L

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12
Q

hematocrit

A

ratio of volume of red blood cells in total volume of blood

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A

in RBCs
carries oxygen to tissue
carries CO2 away from tissue

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14
Q

composition of blood

A

55% plasma

45% formed elements

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15
Q

plasma

A

fluit portion

includes water, ions, nutrients, hormenes, waste…

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16
Q

formed elements

A

red blood cells
white blood cells (for immunity)
platelets (cell fragments involved in clotting)

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17
Q

by what is the right and the öeft side of the heart seperated

A

muscular septum

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18
Q

Atrium

A

upper chamber of the heart
receives venous blood
right atrium receives blood from systemic circulation
left atrium receives blood from pulmonary circulation

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19
Q

ventricle

A

lower chamber of the heart
pumps blood into arteries
right ventricle pumps blood into the pumonary circulation
left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation

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20
Q

seperation of ventricles

A

by interventricular septum

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21
Q

seperation of atrium in ventricle

A

by fibrous skeleton (connective tissue)

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22
Q

Aorta

A

major artery

blood exits left ventricle through it

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23
Q

arteries

A

transport oxygenated blood

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24
Q

veins

A

transport deoxygenated blood

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25
pulmonary arteries
transport deoxygenated blood
26
pulmonary veins
transport oxygenated blood
27
pulmonary circulation
pulmonary arteries transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to lungs gas exchange (blood picks up oxygen from inspiration and releases carbon dioxide for expiration) pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium
28
systemic circulation
oxygenated blood travel from left ventricle via arteries through the organ system (delivers oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide) and via veins back tot he right atrium
29
heart valves
atrioventricular valves semilunar valves open and close due to pressure difference - allow blood to travel through heart
30
atrioventricular valve
in fibrous tissue between atria and ventricles
31
valve between right atrium and ventricle
tricuspid valve (3 flaps)
32
valve between left atrium and ventricle
bicuspid vlave (2 flaps)
33
papillary muscle of atrioventricular valve
limit valve movement | prevent backflow of blood into atria
34
semilunar valve
pulmonary valve - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk aortic valve - between left ventricle and aorta
35
blood flow pathway in the heart
``` Inferior/Superior Vena Cava transport deoxygenated blood Right Atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta ```
36
first heart sound
low pitched "lub" Atrioventricular valve closure onset of systole
37
second heart sound
louder "dub" Semilunar valve closure onset of diastole
38
cardiac cycle
alternating contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles
39
systole
ventricular contraction blood ejection into aorta and pulmonary trunk when prssure exceeds aortic pressure semilunar valves open
40
diastole
ventricular relaxation pressure in ventricles fall below atrical pressure - AV valves open filling of ventricles atria contract to delive blood -> isovolumetric contraction
41
pressure
force produced by blood
42
blood flow
from region of higher to region of lower pressure (measure in volume/unit time)
43
isovolumetric contraction
during systole same blood volume pressure in ventricle increases due to contracting ventricle, AV valves close
44
systolic pressure
120 mmHh
45
diastolic pressure
80 mmHg
46
isovolumetric relaxation
during diastole pressure in ventricles decreases due to relaxation of ventricle semilunar valves open
47
amount of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
48
heat pacemaker
sinoatrial node
49
heartbeat
depolarization of sinoatrial node initiation of AP depolarizes rest of cardiac muscle
50
sinoatrial node
in right atrium excitation causes contraction small group of cardiac cells
51
what carries AP from right Atrium
atrioventricular (AV) node
52
how does the AP travel to ventricles
via bundel of His
53
pacemaker potential
spontanous depolarization during diastole
54
what is called "funny current"
depolarization through Na+ ions which leaked in through HCN channels
55
why is it called "funny current"
channels open during hyperpolarization
56
what do Ca2+ ions cause
further depolarization | opening of Ca2+ channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum
57
what repolarizes the cell
opening of K+ channel
58
what causes the prolonged "plateau" of depolarization
slow Ca2+ channels plus closure of potassium channels
59
what is responsible for fast depolarization phase
opening of fast Na+ channels
60
what regulates the contraction of cardiac muscle
Calcium ions
61
what causes the release of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
entry of extracellular calcium ions
62
what prevents the cardiac muscle of tetanic contraction
the prolonged refractory period
63
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram
64
electrocardiogram
records electrical activity of cardiac muscle via electrodes
65
what are the various recodring sites of an ECG called
ECG leads
66
3 ECG waves
P wave QRS wave T wave
67
P wave
results from atrial depolarization
68
QRS wave
spread of depolarization into ventricles
69
T wave
after repolarization of ventricles
70
direction of depolarization of ventricles
from the inside out
71
direction of repolarization of ventricles
from the outside in
72
why is the T wave in an ECG positive
because of two leads
73
which system transports blodd to tissues and regulates blood pressure
vascular system
74
what are blood vessels comprised of
connective tissue, smooth muscle and epithelial tissue
75
pathway of the vascular system
``` left ventricle of the heart arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins right atrium of the heart ```
76
where does substance exchange occur
capillaries
77
arteries
strong/thick/elastic walls | high pressure/low volume
78
veins
weak walls, wide lumen | low pressure/high volume
79
connection between arterioles and venules
metarterioles
80
what affects the volume of blood capillaries receive
precapillary sphincter
81
arterioles
control flow into capillaries
82
greatest pressure drop in the vasculature
between arteries and arterioles
83
increase of resistance to blood and the decrease of flow within the arterioles
vasoconstriction (contraction of smooth muscle vessel)
84
decrease of resistance to blood and the increase of flow within the arterioles
vasodialtion (relaxation of smooth muscle layer)
85
capillaries
location for exchange of substance with ISF | in every tissue except cornea
86
what depends the exchange of substances on
blood flow and metabolic state of tissue
87
what depends the blood flow in the capillaries on
resistance in arteries and arterioles | precapillary sphincter
88
veins
greatest total blood volume can expand with greater blood volume low pressure
89
what ensures that blood doesn´t flow backwards in veins
skeletal muscle pump | venous valves
90
primary cause of coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis in coronary arteries
91
coronary artery disease
insufficient blood flow to heart
92
what can coronary artery disease cause
heart attack
93
atherosclerosis
thickening of arterial wall due to colesterol in lumen of arteries
94
risk factors for atherosclerosis
high BP, stress, smoking, obesityinactive lifestlyle, diabetes
95
functions of lymphatic system
transports extra ISF that was a blood filtrate back into blood transports absorbed fat from small intestine into blood defends against disease-causing substances via lymphocytes
96
where is lymph filtered before it is transported back to the blood
lymph nodes
97
what transports lymph
lymphatic vessels, lymphatic capillaries receive excess ISF

Biol 66 - Human Physiology (13 decks)

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