Chapter 20 Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
gonads
A
testis and ovary
2
Q
gametes
A
sperm and egg
receive 23 chromosomes
haploid
3
Q
gametogenesis
A
spermatogenesis and oogenesis
4
Q
gonadotropic homrones
A
FSH, LH
5
Q
Gonadal steroids
A
testosterone, estradiol and progesterone
6
Q
accessory reproductive organs
A
ducts, glands
7
Q
amount of chromosomes
A
23 pairs in each cell
8
Q
what do chromosomes contain
A
DNA
9
Q
cell with 46 pairs
A
called diploid
10
Q
meiosis
A
production of germ cells
11
Q
fertilization
A
sperm cell and egg cell form fertilized egg (46 chromosomes)
12
Q
mitosis
A
cell division
for growth
13
Q
chromosome pairs 1-22
A
autosomal chromosomes
14
Q
chromosome pair 23
A
sex chromosome
XX female
XY male
15
Q
what stimulates gonads
A
gonadotropic homrmones (FSH, LH)
16
Q
three hormone sequences
A
hypothalamus secretes GNRH -> Anterior pituitary Gland secretes FSH ,LH -> gonads stimulated to secret sex hormones and undergo gametogenesis
17
Q
function of Gonads
A
gametogenesis (spermatogenesis)
synthesize and secrete hormones
18
Q
structure of gonads in the male reproductive system
A
seminiferous tubules
sertoli cells for spermatogenesis
leydig cells for testosterone
19
Q
accessory organs of the male reproductive system
A
duct system
glands
secondary sexual structure
20
Q
duct system of the male reproductive system
A
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra
21
Q
glands of the male reproductive system
A
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands
22
Q
pathway of sperm
A
seminiferous tubules - rete testes - efferent ductules, epididymis - vas deferens
23
Q
FSH
A
initiates spermatogenesis
secretion of inhibin by sertoli cells
24
Q
LH
A
leydig cells secrete testosterone
25
testosterone
secreted by testes
causes spermatogenesis
increased secretion during puberty
26
amount of produced sperms
appx. 300 million per day
27
location of spermatogenesis
seminiferous tubules
28
what do germ cells form to
spermatogonia
29
mitosis
spermatogonia duplicate themselves via mitotic division - primary spermatocyte
30
first meiotic division in the male reproductive system
seperation into secondary spermatocytes
31
second meiotic division in the male reproductive system
dublicated chromatids are seperated into daughter cells - spermatids
32
spermiogenesis
spermatids transform into spermatozoa (sperm)
33
result of spermatogenesis
23 pairs of chromosomes are reduced to a set of 23 chromosoes (corresponding 23 chromosomes are in ova
34
sertoli cells
support spermatogenesis
| protect developing sperm
35
what allows spermatozoan to access interior of the ova
enzymes released from the acrosome of the head
36
glands of the penis
sensory nerve ending
37
erctile tissue of the penis
corpora cavernosae
| corpus spongiosum
38
components of semen
sperm and fluid
39
erection
release of NO from parasympathetic axon
| increased bloodflow to corpus cavernosae and corpus spongiosum
40
emission
movement of semen into urethra
41
what stimulates emission
sympathetic nervous system
42
ejaculation
release of semen out of penis
43
what stimulates ejacuation
sympathetic nervous system
44
erectile disfunction
constant inability to achieve erection
| impotence
45
causes of erectile disfunction
```
nerve damage
heart disease
enlarged protate
drugs
diabetes
psychological factors
```
46
Gonads (female)
Gametogenesis (oogenesis)
| Ovarian (monthly) cycle
47
hormones synthesized and secreted by the Gonads (ovaries)
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
48
Accessory Organs of the Female Reproductive System
Oviducts/Fallopian Tubes/Uterine Tubes
Uterus
cervix
Vagina
49
responsibility of Oviducts/Fallopian Tubes/Uterine Tubes
transport released ovum plus follicular cells
50
uterus
location of fetal development
perimetrium (outermost layer)
myometrium (thick muscle layer)
endometrium (epithelial tissue, sloughed during menstruation)
51
cervix
formed by uterus
52
vagina
path for sperm to ovum
53
woman´s external genitalia
clitoris
labia majora
labia minora
54
clitoris
homologous to penis
| erectile tissue
55
labia majors
erectile tissue
56
labia minora
urethra
| vagina
57
what stimulates oogenesis/follicle growth
FSH from anterior pituitay gland
58
what happens to oogonia during fetal life
undergo mitotic divisions
59
what happens after 7 months in the female reproductive system
mitoses end and oogonia enter their 1st meiotic divisions as primary oocytes
60
what surrounds primary oocyte
granulosa cells
61
primary oocyte + hormone secreting granuloa cell
primordial follicle
62
primary follicles that grow and develop more
secondary follicle
63
continued growth of secondary follicle
mature or graafian follicle
64
fluid filled cavity in graafian follicle
antrum
65
what is the result of the first meiotic division
secondary oocyte
66
ovary development
primary gollicle - secondary follicle - graafian follicle - primary division - secondary oocyte
67
thin gel-like layer in oocyte
zona pellucida
68
time of ovulation
day 10-14 of menstrual cyle
69
bulges on surface of ovary that releases oocyte
ovulation
70
surroundings of secondary oocyte
zona pellucida
| corona radiata
71
zygote
fetilized egg
72
corpus luteum
yellow body
| a change in ovary during monthy cycle
73
timespan of menstrual cycle
28 days
74
menstruation
shedding of epithelium
if egg is not fertilized
days 1-4 of cycle
75
follicular phase of the menstrual/ovarian cycle
days 1-13
development of follicle under influence of FSH
increased estradiol production
one follicle matures to graafian follicle near end
76
ovulation
day 14
estradiol -> LH increase
wall of graafian follicle ruptures
secondary oocyte is released into oviduct
77
luteal phase in ovarian cycle
days 18-28
| transformation of follicle into corpus luteum due to LH
78
proliferative phasse in endometrial cycle
days 5-14
during ovarian follicular phase
growth and maturation of endometrium
79
secretory phase of endmoetrial cycle
days 15-28
| increasded progesterone and estradiol stimulate endometrial thickning and uterine gland development
80
menstrual phase ofthe endomentrial cycle
days 1-4
decrease of ovarian hormones causes menstrual flow
myomentrium contraction causes cramps
81
how many sperm survive to enter oviduct and how many can fertilize an ovum
around 100
82
capacitation
ability to fertilize egg
| around 10% of sperms
83
time window for fertilization
5 days before to 1 day after ovulation
84
what happens during fertilization
acrosome in head of sperm binds to zoan pellucida casuing acrosome reaction
85
what do acrosomal enymes do
allow the sperm to penetrade the egg´s membrane
86
cleavage
zygot undergoes mitotic cell division into 2 smaller cells
87
what results continued mitosis in
morula (8cells)
88
blastocyst
develops by day 4
32-64 cells
inner mass become fetus
outer chorion become placenta
89
implanation
by day 6
| blastocyte embeds itself in the endometrium (uterus wall)
90
stages of early development
```
ovary
corpus luteum
maturin follicle
ovulation
secondary oocyte
fertilization
egg cell and sperm cell in ovum
zygote
cleavage
morula
blastocyst
implanation
```
91
what do chorion cells of blastocyte secrete
human chorionic gonatropin (hCG)
92
what happens in week 5-6
CL regresses
| placenta secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy
93
placenta
organ of exchange between mother and fetus
| forms in uterus
94
what is fetal blood sperated by to maternal blood
chorionic villi
95
arteries that transport blood from fetus into capillaries of choronic villi
umbilical arteries
96
veins that transport from capillaries back to fetus
umbilical veins
97
umbilical veins and arteries
housed in umbilical cord
98
what is indicator for pregnancy
chorionic gonadotrpin in urine
99
location of fetus
in fluid filled amniotic sac
100
labor
powerful uterine contraction to expel fetus
101
parturition
childbirth
102
what stimulates uterine contraction
oxytocin and protaglandins
| neural and chemical cues
103
what keeps smooth muscle during parturition inactive
progesterone
104
what causes estrogen during parturition
myometrial contraction
| increaces # of receptor for oxytocin and prostaglandins
105
what makes cervix soft and flexible
estrogen
prostaglandins
relaxin
106
consequences when fetal hypothalamus secretes CRH
feteal anterior pituitary secrets ACTH -> fetal and maternal adrenal cortex secrete cortisol
107
what does the maternal hypothalamus secrete
oxytocin
108
responsibilities of cortisol
stimulates surfactant production in fetal lungs
| inhibits placental progesterone
109
lactation
production and secretion of milk after birth
| depends on estrogens and progensterone
110
what glands are responsible for milk production
mammary glands
111
secretory unit of mammary glands
alveolus
112
what are sleoli surrounded by
myoepithelial and adipose cells
113
what stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
prolactin
114
what stimulates milk ejection
oxytocin
