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Biol 66 - Human Physiology > Lab Exam #2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

hematology

A

study of blood

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2
Q

what does blood consist of

A

liquid phase = plasma

cellular phase

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3
Q

blood cell fragments

A

platelets

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4
Q

what is hematocrit

A

ratio of volume of packed RBCs to total blood volume

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5
Q

male hematocrit

A

40-54%

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6
Q

female hematocrit

A

37-47%

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7
Q

object of RBC count

A

determine # of RBCs in a milliliter blood

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8
Q

what system is used for RBC count

A

Ery-Tic dilution system

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9
Q

what special microscope slide is used for RBC counting

A

hemocytometer

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10
Q

what helps counting RBCs

A

a grid

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11
Q

what technique is used to count RBCs

A

sampling technique

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12
Q

what happens with the # of counted RBCs

A

total # of RBCs in certain squares is multiplated by a dilution factor

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13
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen carrying component of RBCs

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14
Q

what is hemoglobin molecule composed of

A

protein, globin, and 4 pigment molecules (hemes)

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15
Q

what is each heme molecule compound of

A

iron molecule

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16
Q

what gives blood its red color

A

iron/heme compound

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17
Q

where does oxygen bind to hemoglobin

A

when blood passes capillaries in lung

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18
Q

anemia

A

reduced oxygen-carrying capacity
decreased Hb content
decreased # of RBCs/volume of blood

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19
Q

what can anemia be a result of

A

low quantity of hemoglobin per RBC

decreased # of RBCs per volume of blood

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20
Q

how can hemoglobin concentration be measured

A

using hemoglobinometer as device to analyze intensity of red color of blood

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21
Q

how does hemoglobinometer work

A

compares color of sample blood with standards

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22
Q

what is hemoglobin concentration expressed as

A

gram of hemoglobin per 100ml of blood (g/dL)

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23
Q

what is the unit of hemoglobin concentration called

A

grams percent (gm%)

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24
Q

normal hemoglobin concentration in adults

A

12-18 gm%

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25
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscular volume

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26
Q

what does MCV measure

A

the volume of a erythrocyte (rotes Blutkörperchen)

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27
Q

MCHC

A

mean corpuscular hemoblobin concentration

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28
Q

what can MCV and MCHC values used for

A

determine if someone has anemia

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29
Q

equation for MCV calculation

A

MCV=hematocrit X 10/RBC count (millions per mm3 blood)

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30
Q

average MCV value

A

82-92 micrometer3

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31
Q

equation to calculate MCHC

A

MCHC=hemoglobin (g/dL) X 100/Hemocrit

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32
Q

average MCHC value

A

32-36 %

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33
Q

what causes amenia

A 
iron deficiency
vitamin B12 & folic Acid deficiencies
bone marrow disease
hemolytic disease
loss of blood through hemorrhage
infections
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34
Q

Macrocytic

A

MCV greater than 94
MCHC in normal range
folic acid B 12 deficiencies

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35
Q

Normocytic normochromic

A 
MCV normal
MCHC normal
acute blood loss 
hemolysis
bone marrow damage
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36
Q

Microcytic hypochromic

A

low MCV
low MCHC
inadquate iron

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37
Q

what causes blood clotting

A

a complex array of chemical pathways and cellular activities

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38
Q

what can be used to identify different blood types

A

Red blood cell surface markers

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39
Q

what happens if the wrong blood is added to another person´s blood

A

blood clumping

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40
Q

what do Red blood cell markers include

A

Antigen

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41
Q

where are Antibodies located

A

in plasma

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42
Q

Antigen and Antibodies for Type A blood

A

Antigen on RBC surface = A

Antibody in Plasma = B

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43
Q

Antigen and Antibodies for Type B blood

A

Antigen on RBC surface = B

Antibody in Plasma = A

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44
Q

Antigen and Antibodies for Type 0 blood

A

Antigen on RBC surface = 0

Antibody in Plasma = A & B

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45
Q

Antigen and Antibodies for Type AB blood

A

Antigen on RBC surface = AB

No Antibody

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46
Q

how many % of blood are composed of oxygen

A

20%

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47
Q

what is hemoglobin composed of

A

4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta chains - each chain has heme group with Fe atom, capable of bonding to oxygen)

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48
Q

lifespan of RBC

A

120 days

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49
Q

where are RBCs produced

A

bone marrow

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50
Q

what destructs RBCs

A

phagocytic cells of reticuloendothelial system in the spleen, liver and marrow

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51
Q

jaundice

A

increased bilirubin in tissues, liver disfunction

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52
Q

what causes jaundice

A

increased RBCs destruction

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53
Q

why do women have alower RBC amount

A

they don´t have testosterone

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54
Q

what is the total multiplication factor of the RBC count

A

number of squares X volume of hemocytometer X TIC Dilution Factor

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55
Q

what is used to determine the Hb

A

Fe-heme that give blood its red color

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56
Q

what is Hb concentration expressed as

A

grams/100mls (dL)

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57
Q

what is the preocess called when WBCs leave the vasculature during inflammatory response

A

diapedesis

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58
Q

2 general kinds of WBCs

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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59
Q

Neutrophil

A 
Granulocyte
Phagocytosis of Pathogens
50-75% of WBS´s
10-12um diameter
three-lobed nucleus
purple nucleus, light, small grnaules
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60
Q

Eosinophil

A 
Granulocyte
Secretion destroy parasites
1-6% of WBCs
13 um diameter
bilobed nucleus
large, red-orange, granules, blue nucleus
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61
Q

Basophil

A

Granulocyte
release og histamine during inflammatory response
0.5% of WBC´s
bilobed nucleus
dark blue or purple, granules usually cover nucleus
will become mast cell

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62
Q

Small Lymphocytes

A 
Agranulocyte
T and B cells
30% of WBC´s
7um diameter
large nucleus with small band of cytoplasm
light blue cytoplasm, purple nucleus
B cells will become plasma cells
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63
Q

Monocytes

A 
Agranulocyte
tissue macrophage
2-8% of WBC´s 
15 um diameter
blue-gray cytooplasm with kidney shaped dark nucleus
will become macrophage
64
Q

what causes blood clumping

A

mix of wrong Antigen and Antibody

65
Q

agglutination Rxn

A

blood clumping

66
Q

to how many Antigen can each plasma Antibody bind at a time

A

two

67
Q

what happens when Antibody binds to two RBCs

A

blood clumps

68
Q

how many percent have an Rh factor

A

85%

69
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

fetus and female have different Rh factor
at birth baby blood enters in female´s blood circulation
female makes Antibodies to Rh factor
next baby can be a “BLUE BABY”

70
Q

what is a preventative measure against erythroblastosis fetalis

A

give mother Rh antibodies to destroy fetal RBCs

71
Q

Genotype of Blood type A

A

AA and A0

72
Q

Genotype of Blood type B

A

BB and B0

73
Q

Genotype of Blood type AB

A

AB

74
Q

Genotype of Blood type 0

A

00

75
Q

Universal Acceptor

A

Blood Type AB

76
Q

Universal Donor

A

Blood Type 00

77
Q

Clotting Pathways

A

Extrinsic- and Intrinsic Pathway

78
Q

Extrinsic Clotting Pathway

A

primary pathway

activated when tissue damage causes release of thromboplastin

79
Q

Intrinsic Clotting Pathway

A

secondary pathway
activated when blood comes into contact
with damaged vessels or by contact with glass

80
Q

what does the intrinsic pathway prevent

A

internal bleeding

81
Q

what is needed for clotting pathways to be activated

A

Calcium

82
Q

antagonist

A

a muscle which works in the opposite direction of the contracting muscle

83
Q

what is a muscle composed of

A

muscle fibers –myofibrils – myofilaments

84
Q

motor unit

A

one motor neuron + all muscle fibers it controls

85
Q

muscle twitch

A

contraction of a muscle fiber by a single AP

86
Q

recruitment

A

increase in muscle tension

stronger AP activates more motor neurons – increase in activated muscle fibers

87
Q

summation

A

vary of AP frequency,
AP reaches muscle fibers, while they are still contracted
next contraction is stronger than normal

88
Q

what happens after a muscle contraction

A

muscle cell repolarizes

Ca2+ is transported back into Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

89
Q

What needs to be reached for a muscle fiber contraction

A

a threshold

90
Q

Fatigue

A

reduced ability to maintain force

91
Q

Formula for conduction velocity

A

distance between stimulation (mm or cm)/difference between latency (sec)

92
Q

pathway from AP to muscle contraction

A

AP arrives at motor neuron
release of ACh into neuromuscular junction
ACh binds to nicotinic ACh in sarcolemma
Na+ diffueses in - causes AP
AP enters Transverse tubules
Ca2+ channels of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum open
Ca2+ diffuses out into sarcoplasm
Ca2+ binds to troponin C
conformation change of Troponin T - tropomyosin moves away from blocking position

93
Q

tetanic contraction

A

maintain of smooth contraction

stronger than twitch

94
Q

EMG

A

electromyogram

95
Q

what can be measured with an EMG

A

electrical activity of skeletal muscle

96
Q

techniques used within an EMG

A

electromyography

97
Q

coactivation

A

while major working muscle contracts, the antagonist experience minor activity

98
Q

where can the can the abductor pollicis brevis muscle be stimulated

A

wrist and ellbow

99
Q

what does the speed of the response depend on

A

conduction velocity (usually 50-60m per sec)

100
Q

what can EMG measurement be used for

A

to detect disease and damaged muscle tissue

101
Q

latency

A

time between start of stimulus and start of evoked response

102
Q

normal conduction velocity range

A

50-60m/s

103
Q

what influences the conduction velocity

A

diameter of fiber
tempperature
myelinated vs. non-myelinated

104
Q

ECG

A

electrocardiogram

105
Q

cardiac output

A

product of heart rate (beats/min) and stroke volume (liters/beat)

106
Q

what nervous sytsem controls the hear rate

A

mammalian nervous system via autonomic nerves

107
Q

what increases heart rate

A

stimulation of sympathetic nerves

108
Q

what decreases heart rate

A

stimulation of parasympathetic nerves

109
Q

equation for cardiac output (CO)

A

CO=HR x SV

110
Q

what happens to the stroke volume if heart rate increases

A

when exercise exceeds 50% of individual´s capacity, no increase in stroke volume anymore

111
Q

what happens to the cardiac cycle when HR increases

A

it shortens

112
Q

where does blood enter and exit the arterial sytsem

A

heart

in the venous system through capillaries

113
Q

what nervous sytsem controls the distribution of blood to organs

A

autonomic nervous sytsem

114
Q

what does the ECG record

A

electrical activity of cardiac muscle

115
Q

blood pathway within the heart

A 
right atrium
blood flows through AV valve
right ventricle
lungs
left atrium
blood flows through the AV valve
left ventricle
116
Q

name of parasympethitic nerve

A

vagus nerve

117
Q

pacemaker of the heart

A

sinuatrial (SA) node

118
Q

what does the sinuatrial node produce

A

APs that spread through muscle fibers of atria

119
Q

location of electrical connection between atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

120
Q

responsiblity of atrioventricular node

A

excite both ventricles through Purkinje fibers

121
Q

how many phases is the cardiac AP composed of

A

3
rapid depolarization
plateau depolarization
repolarization

122
Q

what is the P-wave produced by

A

atrial depolarization

123
Q

what is QRS produced by

A

ventricular depolarization - atrial repolarization occurs but insignificant

124
Q

what is the T-wave produced by

A

ventricular repolarization

125
Q

what prevents blood to flow backwards in the heart

A

valves

126
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

between atrium and ventricle on each side

prevent backflow from ventricle to atrium

127
Q

semilunar valves

A

between ventricle and artery on each side

prevent backflow from the aorta and pulmonary artery into ventricle

128
Q

what causes the typical hear sound

A

closure of valves

129
Q

lub sound

A

during early phase of ventricular contraction

closing of atrioventricular valves

130
Q

dub sound

A

closure of semilunar valves

131
Q

atrial/ventricular contraction

A

atrial/ventricualr systole

132
Q

isovolumic phase of ventricular contraction

A

phase in which pressure in ventricle is lower thanin aorta or pulmonary artery
volume of ventricle does not change

133
Q

what happens when pressure in ventricle excceds pressure in aorta and pulmonary artery

A

aortic and pulmonary valves (semilunar valves) open

blood ejected

134
Q

when do AV valves open

A

when ventricular pressure is below atria pressure

135
Q

phase during which blood is returning to the heart

A

ventricular diastole

136
Q

blood pressure within the heart

A

enters chambers with low pressure

leaves ventricles with high pressure

137
Q

sytolic pressure

A

peak pressure reached during the cardiac cycle

138
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of ventricle

139
Q

diastolic pressure

A

value of lowest arterial blood pressure

right before next contraction

140
Q

when occurs the peak systolic pressure

A

in peripheral arteries after the QRS

141
Q

what causes the dicrotic notch

A

closure of aortic valve

142
Q

device to measure blood pressure

A

Sphygmomanometer

143
Q

when is a sound heard during blood pressure measurement

A

between the systolic and the diastolic pressure

144
Q

what happens regarding to pulse on the finger tip when the blood pressure cuff is inflated

A

pulse gets lost (systolic pressure where pulse returns)

145
Q

average systolic pressure

A

120

146
Q

what happens when we lift our arm

A

Systolic pressure decreases

hydrostatic pressure and blood pressure are in opposite direction

147
Q

what happens when we lower our arm

A

Hydrostatic pressure increases

hydrostatic pressure and blood pressure are in same direction

148
Q

relation between distance and blood pressure

A

decreases the farther away from the heart

149
Q

relationship between temperature and blood pressure

A

cold results in peripheral vasoconstriction

pulse dedreases in cold

150
Q

average diastolic pressure

A

80

151
Q

what happens between QRS and the pulse wave

A

the critical contracts which leads to filling of ventricles

when ventricles are filled they contract and produce pulse wave

152
Q

occlusion (verschluss) of brachial artery

A

pulse not readable in finger

153
Q

occlusion of radial or ulnar artery

A

pulse amplitude decreases by half

154
Q

timing of the first heart sound (“lub”)

A

right after the QRS complex

155
Q

timing of the second heart sound (“dub”)

A

right after the T-wave

156
Q

R-R interval

A

distance from one QRS complex peak to another one

also called cycle length variability

Biol 66 - Human Physiology (13 decks)

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