Lab Exam #2 Flashcards
1
Q
hematology
A
study of blood
2
Q
what does blood consist of
A
liquid phase = plasma
cellular phase
3
Q
blood cell fragments
A
platelets
4
Q
what is hematocrit
A
ratio of volume of packed RBCs to total blood volume
5
Q
male hematocrit
A
40-54%
6
Q
female hematocrit
A
37-47%
7
Q
object of RBC count
A
determine # of RBCs in a milliliter blood
8
Q
what system is used for RBC count
A
Ery-Tic dilution system
9
Q
what special microscope slide is used for RBC counting
A
hemocytometer
10
Q
what helps counting RBCs
A
a grid
11
Q
what technique is used to count RBCs
A
sampling technique
12
Q
what happens with the # of counted RBCs
A
total # of RBCs in certain squares is multiplated by a dilution factor
13
Q
hemoglobin
A
oxygen carrying component of RBCs
14
Q
what is hemoglobin molecule composed of
A
protein, globin, and 4 pigment molecules (hemes)
15
Q
what is each heme molecule compound of
A
iron molecule
16
Q
what gives blood its red color
A
iron/heme compound
17
Q
where does oxygen bind to hemoglobin
A
when blood passes capillaries in lung
18
Q
anemia
A
reduced oxygen-carrying capacity
decreased Hb content
decreased # of RBCs/volume of blood
19
Q
what can anemia be a result of
A
low quantity of hemoglobin per RBC
decreased # of RBCs per volume of blood
20
Q
how can hemoglobin concentration be measured
A
using hemoglobinometer as device to analyze intensity of red color of blood
21
Q
how does hemoglobinometer work
A
compares color of sample blood with standards
22
Q
what is hemoglobin concentration expressed as
A
gram of hemoglobin per 100ml of blood (g/dL)
23
Q
what is the unit of hemoglobin concentration called
A
grams percent (gm%)
24
Q
normal hemoglobin concentration in adults
A
12-18 gm%
25
MCV
mean corpuscular volume
26
what does MCV measure
the volume of a erythrocyte (rotes Blutkörperchen)
27
MCHC
mean corpuscular hemoblobin concentration
28
what can MCV and MCHC values used for
determine if someone has anemia
29
equation for MCV calculation
MCV=hematocrit X 10/RBC count (millions per mm3 blood)
30
average MCV value
82-92 micrometer3
31
equation to calculate MCHC
MCHC=hemoglobin (g/dL) X 100/Hemocrit
32
average MCHC value
32-36 %
33
what causes amenia
```
iron deficiency
vitamin B12 & folic Acid deficiencies
bone marrow disease
hemolytic disease
loss of blood through hemorrhage
infections
```
34
Macrocytic
MCV greater than 94
MCHC in normal range
folic acid B 12 deficiencies
35
Normocytic normochromic
```
MCV normal
MCHC normal
acute blood loss
hemolysis
bone marrow damage
```
36
Microcytic hypochromic
low MCV
low MCHC
inadquate iron
37
what causes blood clotting
a complex array of chemical pathways and cellular activities
38
what can be used to identify different blood types
Red blood cell surface markers
39
what happens if the wrong blood is added to another person´s blood
blood clumping
40
what do Red blood cell markers include
Antigen
41
where are Antibodies located
in plasma
42
Antigen and Antibodies for Type A blood
Antigen on RBC surface = A
| Antibody in Plasma = B
43
Antigen and Antibodies for Type B blood
Antigen on RBC surface = B
| Antibody in Plasma = A
44
Antigen and Antibodies for Type 0 blood
Antigen on RBC surface = 0
| Antibody in Plasma = A & B
45
Antigen and Antibodies for Type AB blood
Antigen on RBC surface = AB
| No Antibody
46
how many % of blood are composed of oxygen
20%
47
what is hemoglobin composed of
4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta chains - each chain has heme group with Fe atom, capable of bonding to oxygen)
48
lifespan of RBC
120 days
49
where are RBCs produced
bone marrow
50
what destructs RBCs
phagocytic cells of reticuloendothelial system in the spleen, liver and marrow
51
jaundice
increased bilirubin in tissues, liver disfunction
52
what causes jaundice
increased RBCs destruction
53
why do women have alower RBC amount
they don´t have testosterone
54
what is the total multiplication factor of the RBC count
number of squares X volume of hemocytometer X TIC Dilution Factor
55
what is used to determine the Hb
Fe-heme that give blood its red color
56
what is Hb concentration expressed as
grams/100mls (dL)
57
what is the preocess called when WBCs leave the vasculature during inflammatory response
diapedesis
58
2 general kinds of WBCs
Granulocytes
| Agranulocytes
59
Neutrophil
```
Granulocyte
Phagocytosis of Pathogens
50-75% of WBS´s
10-12um diameter
three-lobed nucleus
purple nucleus, light, small grnaules
```
60
Eosinophil
```
Granulocyte
Secretion destroy parasites
1-6% of WBCs
13 um diameter
bilobed nucleus
large, red-orange, granules, blue nucleus
```
61
Basophil
Granulocyte
release og histamine during inflammatory response
0.5% of WBC´s
bilobed nucleus
dark blue or purple, granules usually cover nucleus
will become mast cell
62
Small Lymphocytes
```
Agranulocyte
T and B cells
30% of WBC´s
7um diameter
large nucleus with small band of cytoplasm
light blue cytoplasm, purple nucleus
B cells will become plasma cells
```
63
Monocytes
```
Agranulocyte
tissue macrophage
2-8% of WBC´s
15 um diameter
blue-gray cytooplasm with kidney shaped dark nucleus
will become macrophage
```
64
what causes blood clumping
mix of wrong Antigen and Antibody
65
agglutination Rxn
blood clumping
66
to how many Antigen can each plasma Antibody bind at a time
two
67
what happens when Antibody binds to two RBCs
blood clumps
68
how many percent have an Rh factor
85%
69
erythroblastosis fetalis
fetus and female have different Rh factor
at birth baby blood enters in female´s blood circulation
female makes Antibodies to Rh factor
next baby can be a "BLUE BABY"
70
what is a preventative measure against erythroblastosis fetalis
give mother Rh antibodies to destroy fetal RBCs
71
Genotype of Blood type A
AA and A0
72
Genotype of Blood type B
BB and B0
73
Genotype of Blood type AB
AB
74
Genotype of Blood type 0
00
75
Universal Acceptor
Blood Type AB
76
Universal Donor
Blood Type 00
77
Clotting Pathways
Extrinsic- and Intrinsic Pathway
78
Extrinsic Clotting Pathway
primary pathway
| activated when tissue damage causes release of thromboplastin
79
Intrinsic Clotting Pathway
secondary pathway
activated when blood comes into contact
with damaged vessels or by contact with glass
80
what does the intrinsic pathway prevent
internal bleeding
81
what is needed for clotting pathways to be activated
Calcium
82
antagonist
a muscle which works in the opposite direction of the contracting muscle
83
what is a muscle composed of
muscle fibers –myofibrils – myofilaments
84
motor unit
one motor neuron + all muscle fibers it controls
85
muscle twitch
contraction of a muscle fiber by a single AP
86
recruitment
increase in muscle tension
| stronger AP activates more motor neurons – increase in activated muscle fibers
87
summation
vary of AP frequency,
AP reaches muscle fibers, while they are still contracted
next contraction is stronger than normal
88
what happens after a muscle contraction
muscle cell repolarizes
| Ca2+ is transported back into Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
89
What needs to be reached for a muscle fiber contraction
a threshold
90
Fatigue
reduced ability to maintain force
91
Formula for conduction velocity
distance between stimulation (mm or cm)/difference between latency (sec)
92
pathway from AP to muscle contraction
AP arrives at motor neuron
release of ACh into neuromuscular junction
ACh binds to nicotinic ACh in sarcolemma
Na+ diffueses in - causes AP
AP enters Transverse tubules
Ca2+ channels of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum open
Ca2+ diffuses out into sarcoplasm
Ca2+ binds to troponin C
conformation change of Troponin T - tropomyosin moves away from blocking position
93
tetanic contraction
maintain of smooth contraction
| stronger than twitch
94
EMG
electromyogram
95
what can be measured with an EMG
electrical activity of skeletal muscle
96
techniques used within an EMG
electromyography
97
coactivation
while major working muscle contracts, the antagonist experience minor activity
98
where can the can the abductor pollicis brevis muscle be stimulated
wrist and ellbow
99
what does the speed of the response depend on
conduction velocity (usually 50-60m per sec)
100
what can EMG measurement be used for
to detect disease and damaged muscle tissue
101
latency
time between start of stimulus and start of evoked response
102
normal conduction velocity range
50-60m/s
103
what influences the conduction velocity
diameter of fiber
tempperature
myelinated vs. non-myelinated
104
ECG
electrocardiogram
105
cardiac output
product of heart rate (beats/min) and stroke volume (liters/beat)
106
what nervous sytsem controls the hear rate
mammalian nervous system via autonomic nerves
107
what increases heart rate
stimulation of sympathetic nerves
108
what decreases heart rate
stimulation of parasympathetic nerves
109
equation for cardiac output (CO)
CO=HR x SV
110
what happens to the stroke volume if heart rate increases
when exercise exceeds 50% of individual´s capacity, no increase in stroke volume anymore
111
what happens to the cardiac cycle when HR increases
it shortens
112
where does blood enter and exit the arterial sytsem
heart
| in the venous system through capillaries
113
what nervous sytsem controls the distribution of blood to organs
autonomic nervous sytsem
114
what does the ECG record
electrical activity of cardiac muscle
115
blood pathway within the heart
```
right atrium
blood flows through AV valve
right ventricle
lungs
left atrium
blood flows through the AV valve
left ventricle
```
116
name of parasympethitic nerve
vagus nerve
117
pacemaker of the heart
sinuatrial (SA) node
118
what does the sinuatrial node produce
APs that spread through muscle fibers of atria
119
location of electrical connection between atria and ventricles
atrioventricular (AV) node
120
responsiblity of atrioventricular node
excite both ventricles through Purkinje fibers
121
how many phases is the cardiac AP composed of
3
rapid depolarization
plateau depolarization
repolarization
122
what is the P-wave produced by
atrial depolarization
123
what is QRS produced by
ventricular depolarization - atrial repolarization occurs but insignificant
124
what is the T-wave produced by
ventricular repolarization
125
what prevents blood to flow backwards in the heart
valves
126
atrioventricular (AV) valves
between atrium and ventricle on each side
| prevent backflow from ventricle to atrium
127
semilunar valves
between ventricle and artery on each side
| prevent backflow from the aorta and pulmonary artery into ventricle
128
what causes the typical hear sound
closure of valves
129
lub sound
during early phase of ventricular contraction
| closing of atrioventricular valves
130
dub sound
closure of semilunar valves
131
atrial/ventricular contraction
atrial/ventricualr systole
132
isovolumic phase of ventricular contraction
phase in which pressure in ventricle is lower thanin aorta or pulmonary artery
volume of ventricle does not change
133
what happens when pressure in ventricle excceds pressure in aorta and pulmonary artery
aortic and pulmonary valves (semilunar valves) open
| blood ejected
134
when do AV valves open
when ventricular pressure is below atria pressure
135
phase during which blood is returning to the heart
ventricular diastole
136
blood pressure within the heart
enters chambers with low pressure
| leaves ventricles with high pressure
137
sytolic pressure
peak pressure reached during the cardiac cycle
138
diastole
relaxation of ventricle
139
diastolic pressure
value of lowest arterial blood pressure
| right before next contraction
140
when occurs the peak systolic pressure
in peripheral arteries after the QRS
141
what causes the dicrotic notch
closure of aortic valve
142
device to measure blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
143
when is a sound heard during blood pressure measurement
between the systolic and the diastolic pressure
144
what happens regarding to pulse on the finger tip when the blood pressure cuff is inflated
pulse gets lost (systolic pressure where pulse returns)
145
average systolic pressure
120
146
what happens when we lift our arm
Systolic pressure decreases
| hydrostatic pressure and blood pressure are in opposite direction
147
what happens when we lower our arm
Hydrostatic pressure increases
| hydrostatic pressure and blood pressure are in same direction
148
relation between distance and blood pressure
decreases the farther away from the heart
149
relationship between temperature and blood pressure
cold results in peripheral vasoconstriction
| pulse dedreases in cold
150
average diastolic pressure
80
151
what happens between QRS and the pulse wave
the critical contracts which leads to filling of ventricles
| when ventricles are filled they contract and produce pulse wave
152
occlusion (verschluss) of brachial artery
pulse not readable in finger
153
occlusion of radial or ulnar artery
pulse amplitude decreases by half
154
timing of the first heart sound ("lub")
right after the QRS complex
155
timing of the second heart sound ("dub")
right after the T-wave
156
R-R interval
distance from one QRS complex peak to another one
| also called cycle length variability
