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Exercise Physiology Lab > Lab Exam 2- Lab 7 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2- Lab 7 Flashcards

1
Q

being overweight or obese increases the risk of

A

several chronic diseases

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2
Q

obesity

A

a complex, multifactorial disease involving the interaction of physiological, metabolic, genetic, social, cultural, and behavioral factors

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3
Q

body composition

A

makeup of the body

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4
Q

what is the information obtained from body composition used for

A

risk assessment
individualization of exercise Rx
evaluating interventional progress

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5
Q

anthropometry

A

measurement of the body

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6
Q

what measurements are used to assess components of the body

A

weight, height, and waist circumference

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7
Q

BMI

A

uses height and weight measurements and is a measure of the ratio of body weight to height

BMI= body wieght (kg)/height (m2)

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8
Q

how many categories is BMI divided into for adults

A

6
under weight
normal
over weight
obese class 1
obese class II
obese class III

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9
Q

why is BMI not an adequate measurement of disease risk

A

because there is no way to determine the composition of the weight

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10
Q

waist circumference

A

assess central obesity by measuring abdominal obesity and fat distribution and provides additional information to BMI

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11
Q

fat located in the abdominal region (visceral fat) is associated with

A

a greater health risk than peripheral fat and is an independent risk predictor when BMI not markedly increased

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12
Q

what measurement system should be used for assessments of obesity and monitoring efficacy of weight loss programs

A

waist circumference

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13
Q

why is there so much error in assessing body composition

A

no direct in vivo method to measure the different components of the body

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14
Q

any body composition technique performed on live humans is

A

indirect or doubly indirect

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15
Q

indirect methods

A

derived from direct methods involving cadavers

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16
Q

doubly indirect methods

A

derived from indirect methods

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17
Q

as methods become further away from the direct method

A

there is greater error in the estimate

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18
Q

body composition measurements may utilize what to make estimates

A

prediction equations

population specific & generalizable equations

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19
Q

population specific equation

A

inaccurate if applied to individuals who differ in physical characteristics

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20
Q

generalizable equation

A

developed from diverse, heterogenous samples, and account for differences in age, gender, sex, or ethnicity

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21
Q

what equation does this lab use

A

the Siri equation

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22
Q

Siri equation

A

predicts percent body fat, a generalizable equation

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23
Q

individuals who are farther away from the average in physical characteristics can be

A

under or overestimated in terms of body fat percentage using the Siri equation

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24
Q

skinfold measurements

A

performed using a quality skinfold caliper
assess % body fat with a SEE ~3.5%

25
Q

are skinfold measurements indirect or doubly indirect

A

doubly indirect - the equations used to predict body density from skinfolds are based on hydrostratic weighing, which is an indirect method that utilizes water displacement to estimate fat mass

26
Q

skin fold measurements are based on two primary assumptions

A

1) subcutaneous fat is directly proportional to total fat
2) the skin fold sites selected are representative of total body subcutaneous fat

27
Q

the proportion of subcutaneous to total body fat varies with

A

age
sex
race/ethnicity
among other factors

28
Q

major limitations of skinfold analysis

A

technician training
applicability of equations to the individual being tested
skinfold site measurement accuracy
measurement technique

29
Q

what is the SEE of skin fold measurements

A

3.5%

30
Q

bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

A

simple, inexpensive, quick, and non-invasive way to measure body composition
based on idea that electrical current flows at different rates through the body depending on its compositions

31
Q

body is mostly composed of

A

water with ions, through which an electrical current can flow

32
Q

what else other than water with ions does the body contain

A

non-conducting materials (body fat) that provide resistance to the flow of the electrical current

33
Q

body fat causes what in BIA

A

a greater resistance (impedance) than fat-free mass and slows the rate at which the electrical current travels

34
Q

DEXA

A

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
uses X-ray scan to quantify the parameters of body composition

35
Q

DEXA quantifies body weight into three chemical components

A

lean soft tissue
fat soft tissue
bone

36
Q

why is the % body fat significantly higher in DEXA than anthropometric results?

A

because DEXA can measure subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, retroperitoneal and intramuscular fat

37
Q

bone mineral density scores (BMD)

A

measured as SD from the mean and include a t and z score

38
Q

t score

A

compares your bone density to the average bone density of young healthy adults of the same sex

39
Q

z score

A

compares your bone density to the average bone density of someone your same age, sex, and race/ethnicity

40
Q

the risk for bone fractures doubles with

A

every SD below normal in regards to BMD

41
Q

what is the accepted standard for interpretations of body fat %

A

there are NO accepted standards for % body fat and all methods of measurement are indirect or involve error

42
Q

is there a national standard for body fat %

A

no

43
Q

is there a national standard for BMI and waist circumfrence?

A

yes

44
Q

according to NHANES what is the recommended “health standard” for body fat percentage in both men and women

A

men-8-22% under 35 years old
women- 20-35% under 35years old

45
Q

accuracy

A

how close a measured value is to the true value

46
Q

precision

A

how close measured values are to each other

47
Q

bias

A

whether there are systematic differences between measured and true values

48
Q

athlete triad

A

recognized by ACSM as a syndrome of three interrelated conditions that include low energy availability, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, or hypogonadic hypogonadism, and osteoperosis

49
Q

energy availability (EA)

A

(dietary intake-exercise EE)/FFM

expressed in kcal/kg

50
Q

the cutoff at EA at which negative health consequences occur

A

varies within individuals but studies where EA has been manipulated show deleterious effects with EA less than 30kcal/kg FFM/day

51
Q

how many sites are used for skin fold measurements

A

7

52
Q

body mass index is indicative of

A

body size

53
Q

waist circumference is indicative of

A

body fatness

54
Q

upper body obesity is aka

A

android - fat in abdominal area
greater health risk

55
Q

lower body obesity is aka

A

gynoid - fat in hips and thighs
lower health risk

56
Q

DEXA assessment is what type of measurement

A

indirect

57
Q

skin fold and BIA are what type of measurement

A

doubly indrect

58
Q

osteoporosis risk factors

A

ACCESS

alcohol use
corticosteroid use
calcium low
estrogen low
smoking
sedentary lifestyle

Exercise Physiology Lab (11 decks)

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