Lab Exam 1- Lab 4

Question 1

4 primary factors that affect an individuals maximal O2 consumption

Answer 1

Genetics
Sex
Age
Training status

Question 2

at what point is VO2 max traditionally designated

Answer 2

when there is a plateau in O2 consumption with an increase in work rate

Question 3

describe the test done in today’s lab

Answer 3

treadmill:
warmup to find speed at which we hit 70% of HRmax (this speed will remain constant)
2 min exercise bouts
after each stage, incline raised 2% (unless about 6.5 mph then 2.5%)
continue until 10% grade reached
cooldown at HR <100

cycle:
rpm stays constant at 80 rpm but resiatnce increased every minute
power output increased by 20 watts/stage and kp setting adjusted 0.25 kp
warmup for <130 bpm and must maintain 60 rpm
1 minute exercise bouts
record RPE at last 30 sec time point of each stage
cooldown

Question 4

does endurance training slow the decline in maximal HR with aging

Answer 4

NO

Question 5

does maximal HR increase with endurance training

Answer 5

NO

Question 6

exercise economy

Answer 6

the O2 cost of exercise at a given speed (running) or power output (cycling)

Question 7

factors that influence mvmnt economy

Answer 7

body mass
terrain
footwear
strides

Question 8

fick equation

Answer 8

VO2= cardiac output (Q) (x) oxygen extraction

Question 9

how are O2 consumption and work rate related

Answer 9

because EE is a function of work rate, O2 consumption increases linearly with work rate untul VO2 max is reached

Question 10

how do we measure VO2 max

Answer 10

via indirect calorimetry during a maximal graded exercise test

Question 11

how do you calculate HR max

Answer 11

HRmax= 208-(0.7*age)

Question 12

how do you measure blood lactate

Answer 12

most accurately it is done via blood sample but can also be measured through ventilatory measures (VT)

Question 13

in endurance running events, what is correlated to their speed at lactate threshold

Answer 13

10,000 m running pace

Question 14

lactate threshold

Answer 14

point at which blood levels of lactate begin to rise exponentially

Question 15

rate of perceived exertion (RPE)

Answer 15

a valid indicator of exercise intensity
developed to predict the HR of a 20 year old at a given work rate by multiplying the RPE by 10

Question 16

ventilatory threshold

Answer 16

point at which there is a sudden increase in ventilation
estimate of lactate threshold (only a marker of LT- not causally related)

Question 17

VO2 max is the product of what 2 things

Answer 17

cardiac output
AV O2 difference

Question 18

VO2 max test is a measure of

Answer 18

maximal capacity to transport and utilize O2 during dynamic exercise involving a large muscle mass

Question 19

VO2max is dependent on what 2 physiological factors

Answer 19

1) maximal ability of cardiovascular system to deliver oxygenated blood to working tissues

2) maximal ability of the working muscles to extract O2 and produce ATP aerobically

Question 20

what are other ways (other than a plateau in O2 consumption and increase in work rate) make a VO2 max test valid

Answer 20

At least 2 of the following criteria must be met:

• plateau of O2 consumption at an increased work rate
• RER > 1.15
  -HR > (age-predicted maximal HR - 10 BPM) using the equation HRmax= 208-0.7*age
  -Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) >17
  -Blood lactate >8mM

Question 21

what does VO2 max represent

Answer 21

the physiological limit of the body to deliver and extract O2

Question 22

what happens to maximal HR as we age

Answer 22

declines linearly with advancing age

Question 23

what happens to muscle mass as we age

Answer 23

decreases

Question 24

what is the most valid and reproducible assessment of cardiovascular fitness

Answer 24

VO2 max test

Question 25

what is the reason we can see increased cardiac output following endurance training

Answer 25

due to an increase in maximal stroke volume

Question 26

what mediates an increase in stroke volume

Answer 26

increases in end-diastolic volume (preload) and cardiac contractility and a decrease in afterload on the ventricles

Question 27

what must a VO2 max test utilize

Answer 27

large muscle groups ideally involves specific movements used by the athlete in their event (cyclists use cycle ergometers)

Question 28

what produces a greater VO2 max value : cycle or treadmill and why

Answer 28

treadmill produces a higher VO2 max value due to involvement of more muscle masses

Question 29

when comparing individuals at the same submaximal speed, would greater or less movement economy consume the least O2

Answer 29

greater movement economy (costs less O2 to run at that speed)

Question 30

when does LT and VT happen in untrained individuals

Answer 30

50-60% VO2 max

Question 31

when does LT and VT occur in trained individuals

Answer 31

65-85% VO2 max

Question 32

why can we have an increased arteriovenous O2 difference

Answer 32

due to increases in capillary density and mitochondrial density as well as other biochemical and metabolic adaptations

Question 33

will an individual with a lower running economy consume more or less O2

Answer 33

more O2 at the same speed

Question 34

how to calculate cardiac output (Q)

Answer 34

Q= HR x SV

Question 35

VO2 max equation

Answer 35

MAXIMAL cardia output x MAXIMAL. a-v O2 difference

Question 36

increase in SV max =

Answer 36

increases VO2 max

Question 37

increase in (a-v)O2diffmax=

Answer 37

increase in VO2 max

Question 38

As we age what happens to VO2 max

Answer 38

decreases

Question 39

why does increasing HR max NOT increase VO2max in healthy young subjects

Answer 39

increase HR but Q would remain the same since the heart is beating too fast so it can't fill with as much blood, so SV decreases

Question 40

specificity requirements for VO2 max testing

Answer 40

must use large muscle groups should be sport specific, but can still provide valuable information if not

Question 41

what ergometer yields a higher VO2

Answer 41

treadmill is usually 5% higher than cycling because you have a more active muscle mass

Question 42

when is the typical LT (or VT) for untrained individuals

Answer 42

50-60% VO2 max

Question 43

when is typical LT (or VT) for trained individuals

Answer 43

65-85% VO2 max

Question 44

when do LT and VT occur

Answer 44

at a greater relative and absolute work rate

Question 45

economy

Answer 45

O2 cost of exercise at a given submaximal speed/power output

Question 46

poor economy

Answer 46

increased VO2 at a given submaximal speed