Lab Exam 1- Lab 5 Flashcards
an athlete with greater stores of high energy phosphates and metabolic enzymes can use those stores at what intensity and duration before needing to depend on nonoxidative and oxidative energy from glycolysis
higher intensity and longer duration
energy stores exhausted formula
energy stores exhausted = maximal capacity/maximal power
examples of situations in which we would use non-oxidative ATP production
400 m run
200 m swim
sprint sports like soccer and basketball
factors that explain differences among individuals anaerobic performance
capacity of immediate and glycolytic energy stores
ability to manage metabolite accumulation, specifically H ions and phosphates
fatigue index
the decline in power over the course of the test
greater buffering of H ions from lactate can prevent
force reductions and loss of enzymatic function
how does the body’s energy systems interact to meet energy systems
dependent on power and capacity of the three energy systems
how does training improve anaerobic performance
increase in type 2 skeletal muscle fibers
improve ATP-PCr system
Improve glycolytic system
how to assess anaerobic power and capacity
measure changes in chemical substances used (ATP, PCr, glycogen) or produced (lactate) as a result of anaerobic metabolism
quantify work or power to indirectly measure anaerobic energy utilization
how to calculate fatigue index
difference between the highest peak power and lowest peak power divided by the highest peak power
how to set up the load on the wheel
7.5% of body weight (kg)
if phosphates accumulate in muscle tissue without being utilized in ATP synthesis, what happens to force production
its inhibited
immediate energy sources chem equations and enzymes
ATP+H2O –> ADP +Pi via ATPase
CP+ADP –> ATP + C via creatine kinase
ADP + ADP —> ATP + AMP via adenylate kinase
is an energy system ever turned off?
no- none of the energy systems are ever completely turned off
longer term anaerobic performances are associated with
higher blood lactate levels, supporting the idea that all out exercise training enhances the capacity of the glycolytic system to produce energy
maximal efforts sustained for more than 10-15 seconds requires assistance from which systems
glycolytic and oxidative ATP pathways to sustain work output and “recharge” the pool of high energy phosphates
mean power
energy derived from glycolysis
used from wingate anaerobic test and is data from the total power generated over 30 seconds
aka supramaximal capacity
peak power
energy derived from ATP and CP
used in wingate anaerobic test from the five seconds with the highest power value
potential factors limiting anaerobic performance
energy depletion (PCr)
metabolite accumulation (H+ ions, inorganic phosphate)
central and peripheral fatigue
rapid non-oxidative glycolysis chem equation
Glucose —> 2 ATP + 2 lactate
stored phosphagens can provide enough energy for
a brisk one minute walk, a slow 20 second run, or an all out sprint for 10 seconds
supramaximal
power outputs above VO2 max
those who MAINTAIN a high power output throughout the test
have a low fatigue index
those who rapidly decline in power output during the test
have a high fatigue index
three energy involved in working muscles
immediate
non-oxidative glycolytic
oxidative
two approaches to assess anaerobic power
1) measure the changes in energy stores (ATP or PCr) vs the changes in metabolites (lactate)
2) measure the amount of external work performed during short duration, high intensity exercise
validity
ability of a test to measure what it claims to measure
there is no gold standard to anaerobic performance test or measuring anaerobic energy release
validity of Wingate test
there are positive correlations between Wingate peak power, type 2 fiber area, 50 m sprint time, and vertical jump height
not valid - no way to directly measure anaerobic energy release
what (in addition to immediate energy stores) significantly affect one’s ability to generate maximal energy production during brief durations
quantity of intramuscular phosphagen stores
what are the most important factors in determining energy sources during exercise
intensity and duration
what can improve anaerobic performance
specific anaerobic training such as..
repeatedly performing high power exercises which increases type 2 fiber recruitment, increase fatigue tolerance, improve cardiovascular function and increase immediate and glycolytic energy stores
what can sustain high power outputs for 10 seconds to 2 min depending on intensity
fast glycolytic stores
what do both approaches that asses anaerobic power assume
that all the energy produced to perform high intensity activities comes from immediate and glycolytic sources
**but this assumption is INVALID, as O2 consumption provides some energy even during short duration tasks
what does training do to the power equation
increases power and work and decreases time
what happens to energy expenditure during power exercises compared to resting
may increase by 40 fold
what has the greatest capacity to sustain exercise out of the three energy sources
aerobic breakdown of glycogen
what induces the most specific benefits for a desired activity
specific training for a desired activity
what is critical to initiate and sustain work output in all high intensity activities
nonoxidative ATP production
what is the wingate anaerobic test designed to measure
the power and capacity generated from immediate stores and from non-oxidative glycolysis
consists of a 30 second all out work effort
what makes up critical immediate energy reserve for skeletal muscle
ATP and CP
what other factors may affect anaerobic performance
motivation and maximal strength
what provides the energy necessary to rapidly form ATP by nonoxidative phosphorylation
intramuscular glycogen stores
what provides the greatest amount of energy per unit of substrate when activities last longer than 2 to 3 minutes
oxidative metabolism
what provides the most of energy for short duration high intensity activity
anaerobic sources
what sources provide energy during the highest power movements
ATP and CP
what systems account for the major production of ATP during short duration supramaximal activity
glycolytic and immediate energy stores
what test assess anaerobic fitness
none
what test produces a valid measure of aerobic fitness
VO2 max test
what two things provide energy at the fastest rate
ATP and CP
which has better maximal power: glycolysis or immediate phosphagen stores
immediate phosphagen stores
why is there no test to measure anaerobic fitness
due to the inability to measure anaerobic energy production accurately and reliably and it is difficult to assess precisely how much aerobic energy contributes to high intensity exercise
true or false: all three systems are active at the same time
true
what are the two most important factors for determining energy sources during exercise
intensity and duration
energy stores exhausted equation
energy stores exhausted= maximal capacity/maximal power
potential factors limiting anaerobic performance
energy depletion (PCr)
metabolite accumulation (H+ ions, inorganic phosphate)
central and peripheral fatigue
an increase in power results in what
an increase in work and decrease in time
how does training improve anaerobic performance
increase type 2 skeletal muscle fibers
improve ATP-PCr system
improve glycolytic system
how to assess anaerobic power and capacity
- measure changes in chemical substances used (ATP, PCr, glycogen) or produced (lactate) as a result of anaerobic metabolism
- quantify work or power to indirectly measure anaerobic energy utilization
what provides the most of the energy for short duration, high intensity exercise
anaerobic sources
