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Animal Nutrition > Lab Exam > Flashcards

Lab Exam Flashcards

1
Q

define DM

A

dry matter

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2
Q

define AF

A

as fed

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3
Q

define OM

A

organic matter

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4
Q

define CP

A

crude protein

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5
Q

define TDF

A

total dietary fiber

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6
Q

define NDF

A

neutral detergent fiber

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7
Q

define ADF

A

acid detergent fiber

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8
Q

define EE

A

ether extract

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9
Q

define CF

A

crude fat, crude fiber

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10
Q

define TDN

A

total digestible nutrients

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11
Q

define energy

A

the ability to do work

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12
Q

define GE

A

gross energy

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13
Q

define ME

A

metabolizable energy

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14
Q

define NE

A

net energy

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15
Q

define NEm

A

net energy for maintenance

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16
Q

define DMI

A

dry matter intake

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17
Q

how many kgs in a pound?

A

0.454kg

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18
Q

how many pounds in a ton?

A

2,000lbs

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19
Q

how many grams in a kg?

A

1000g

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20
Q

DM equation

A

AF - H2O = DM

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21
Q

rules of DM

A
  1. the amount of DM fed is LESS than the amount AF
  2. the amount % DM is MORE than % AF
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22
Q

define TMR

A

total mixed ration

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23
Q

define ADG

A

average daily gain

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24
Q

define RDP

A

ruminally degradable protein

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25
Q

define DIP

A

degradable intake protein
(same as RDP)

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26
Q

define RUP

A

ruminally undegradable protein

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27
Q

define UIP

A

undegradable intake protein
(same as RUP)

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28
Q

define MP

A

metabolizable protein

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29
Q

define BW

A

body weight

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30
Q

define LW

A

live weight

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31
Q

define IU

A

international units

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32
Q

define SID

A

standardized ideal digestibility

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33
Q

what do you need to know about the animal to make nutritional management decisions?

A
  • GI tract
  • nutritional requirements
  • activity level, production or status
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34
Q

what do you need to know about the feed to make nutritional management decisions?

A
  • what feed is available
  • what is the nutrient composition of the feed
35
Q

what does the NRC provide?

A

average minimum requirements required by a group of similar animals for a specific function

36
Q

define nutrient requirement

A

amount of nutrient / day

37
Q

define nutrient density

A

amount of nutrient / intake
- could be a percent

38
Q

when should you use nutrient requirements?

A
  • most of the time
  • when intake is not equal to book values for DMI
  • supplementation of forage fed livestock
39
Q

when should you use energy density?

A
  • when evaluating one feedstuff to a total ration of ration to supply nutrients
  • ration balancing
40
Q

equation for converting between density, requirements and intake

A

density x intake = requirement

41
Q

equation for nutrient intake

A

density x actual intake = nutrient intake

42
Q

energy feeds: general nutrients

A
  • > 70% TDN
  • < 20% CP
  • < 18% crude fiber or < 35% NDF
43
Q

protein feeds: general nutrients

A
  • > 20% CP
  • can be > 70% TDN
44
Q

define NPN

A

nonprotein nitrogens

45
Q

DMI equation (ruminants and horses)

A

(amount of feed/# of animals) / # days

46
Q

AF equation (pigs and poultry)

A

(amount of feed/# of animals) / # days

47
Q

3 basic methods for determining digestibility

A
  1. in vivo (calculations)
  2. in vitro (lab using animal secretions)
  3. in sito (feedstuffs in a canula)
48
Q

apparent digestibility equation (%)

A

(nutrient intake - feces) / nutrient intake

49
Q

define apparent digestibility

A

assumes all feces are nutrient

50
Q

what is better: higher or lower % apparent digestibility?

A

higher, means more digestible

51
Q

define true digestibility

A

accounts for endogenous losses in the feces

52
Q

true digestibility equation (%)

A

[intake - (feces - endogenous)] / intake

53
Q

ADG equation

A

(start weight - end weight) / # of days

54
Q

why would ADG be 0?

A

no change in weight

55
Q

why would ADG be negative?

A

loss of weight

56
Q

Feed:Gain equation

A

feed consumed / weight change

57
Q

what is better: a lower or higher F:G ratio?

A

lower

58
Q

Gain:Feed equation

A

weight change / feed consumed

59
Q

what is better: a lower or higher G:F ratio?

A

higher

60
Q

how do you calculate cost of gain?

A

(feed cost / days) / ADG

61
Q

steps for balancing a diet

A
  1. balance for CP or Lys
  2. check energy
  3. balance P
  4. balance Ca
  5. adjust headspace
62
Q

when do you balance for CP?

A

hindgut and ruminants (horses and ruminants)

63
Q

when do you balance for Lys?

A

swine and poultry

64
Q

why perform a nutrient analysis?

A
  1. know nutritional value
  2. economically evaluate nutrients with a feedstuff
  3. evaluate variability
65
Q

explain and draw the proximate analysis chart

A
  • watch lab 7
  • draw chart
66
Q

CP equation

A

6.25 x %N of feedstuff

67
Q

define NIR

A
  • near infrared reflectance
  • measure the wavelength of reflected lights
68
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of NIR over wet chemistry?

A
  • advantages: cheaper and faster
  • disadvantage: can be inaccurate
69
Q

is wet chemistry necessary for animal nutrition?

A

yes

70
Q

if there is not enough energy in a diet, what can be done?

A
  1. choose a new feedstuff with a higher energy value
  2. add another high energy fixed feedstuff
  3. increase intake of the diet
  4. accept a lower animal performance
71
Q

steps for supplementation

A
  1. nutrient requirements
  2. DMI
  3. amount of nutrient actually getting
  4. amount needed
72
Q

feed tags/labels must contain:

A
  • company brand name
  • product name with species and class
  • purpose statement
  • directions for use
  • net weight
  • manufacturer name and address
  • warning/caution statement
  • active drug ingredients
  • guaranteed analysis
  • feed ingredients
73
Q

how are the feed ingredients on a tag listed?

A
  • higher to lowest %
  • individual or collectively
74
Q

why would a company list product ingredients in collective terms?

A

can allow for changing formulation with an ingredient type if processes or availability changes without changing the tag OR/AND because it takes up less space

75
Q

Nitrogen Free Extract Equation

A

100 - CF - CP - EE - Ash

76
Q

what organs do chickens have that other animals do not?

A
  • crop
  • gizzard
  • chickens have 2 cecum (ceca)
77
Q

function of crop

A

store feedstuff

78
Q

function of proventriculus

A

gastric stomach

79
Q

function of gizzard

A

grinds feedstuffs

80
Q

function of cloaca

A

where digestive and reproduction tracts meet

81
Q

function of cecum/ceca

A

absorption and digestion

82
Q

dietary habit: chicken

A

chickens have to ingest smaller particle sizes due to limited mastication, their gizzard has to help with breaking feed down

83
Q

dietary habit: pigs

A

pigs can break down larger particle sizes due to having teeth

84
Q

how do the anatomical differences in animals impact livestock nutrition and management?

A

by understanding the animals gi tract, mastication and fiber digestion abilities you can then plan the best diet for the animal so that they will be more efficient and you can spend money on what will actually work

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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