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Animal Nutrition > Exam 4 (post Thanksgiving content) > Flashcards

Exam 4 (post Thanksgiving content) Flashcards

1
Q

What are co-products of oil processing?

A

oilseed meals

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2
Q

What is the general percent of CP in oilseed meals?

A
  • 35% (high protein)
  • 90% true protein
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3
Q

What amino acids are low in oilseed meals?

A

met and cys

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4
Q

Why are corn and SBM complementary feeds?

A
  • corn is an energy feed, SBM is a protein feed
  • SBM is low in met, corn has moderate met
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5
Q

What are two processing methods for oil removal of oilseeds?

A
  • expeller (heat)
  • solvent extraction (chemical)
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6
Q

What affect does heat have on protein digestibility and RUP?

A

decreases digestibility, increases RUP

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7
Q

What negative affect can heat have on a protein?

A

it can damage the bonds within the protein making it more difficult to digest

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8
Q

What does solvent extraction maximize?

A

protein solubility and digestibility

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9
Q

What solvent is commonly used to process oilseeds?

A

hexanes

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10
Q

What is the number 1 plant protein source?

A

soybean meal

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11
Q

Why do we often use soybean meal?

A
  • has a great nutritional profile (protein, lysine)
  • we grow a lot of it in the US
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12
Q

What are anti nutritional factors of soybean meal?

A
  • trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitors
  • lectin
  • allergen substances (nonruminants)
  • oligosaccharides
  • phytate
  • goitrogenic substances
  • phytoestrogens
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13
Q

define trypsin/chymotrypisin inhibitors

A

keep from breaking down proteins

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14
Q

define phytate

A

bonds to phosphorus making it less available to nonruminants (why you may add phytase to the diet)

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15
Q

define goitrogenic substances

A

decreases the amount of iodine available

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16
Q

define phytoestrogens

A

estrogen like compounds that can have plus or minus effects

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17
Q

What are we trying to derive when milling corn?

the nutrients

A
  1. starch and nutritive sweetners (CHO)
  2. corn oil (fat)
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18
Q

After milling corn, what products are you left with?

A
  • corn gluten feed
  • corn glutem meal
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19
Q

What nutrients are in corn gluten feed?

A
  • lower protein
  • higher fiber (higher RDP)
  • low in lysine, high in met
  • (low in starch)
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20
Q

What nutrients are in corn gluten meal?

A
  • higher protein
  • lower fiber (low RDP)
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21
Q

> , <, =: RDP/FIBER of corn gluten feed vs meal

A

feed > meal

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22
Q

> , <, =: PROTEIN of corn gluten feed vs meal

A

feed < meal

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23
Q

animal protein sources: harvesting facilites

A
  • meat and bone meal
  • blood meal
  • spray dried blood and plasma
  • feather meal
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24
Q

animal protein sources: milk processing

A
  • dried whole milk
  • dried skim milk
  • whey protein concentrates
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25
Q

animal protein sources: other products

A
  • fish meal (co-product or whole fish)
  • poultry waste and litter
  • meat co-products
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26
Q

Why do we feed poultry waste and litter?

A

it has a high volume of non-protein nitrogens

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27
Q

Why do we feed co-products?

A
  • co-products can have high nutrition values
  • it is better to use it than throw it in away/hole in the ground
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28
Q

Do animal proteins have a > or < RUP than plant proteins?

A

animal proteins > plant proteins

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29
Q

Why is it a positive that animal proteins have a greater RUP?

A

how we can get more essential AA into ruminant diets

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30
Q

What is the most common ruminant to be fed animal proteins?

A

lactating dairy diets, they have high production needs and need to get lots of essential AA in their diet

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31
Q

What are the negatives of animal proteins?

A
  • high cost
  • palatability, odor
  • heat damage
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32
Q

What is the Ruminant Ban?

A
  • FDA banned feeding ruminants to ruminants
  • anything with central nervous tissue
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33
Q

What ruminant parts CANNOT be fed to other ruminants?

A
  • ruminant meal
  • bone meal
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34
Q

Why did they create the ruminant ban?

A

worried about BSE (or mad cow disease), BSE cannot be heat killed

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35
Q

What protein parts CAN be fed to ruminants?

A
  • blood
  • milk
  • entirely non-ruminant proteins
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36
Q

Why is it more difficult to feed crystalline AA to ruminants?

A

microbes use the AA for themselves, does not make it to the animal

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37
Q

Why do we feed crystalline AA to non-ruminants?

A
  • do not have microbes, easy
  • allows to meet AA needs without over feeding proteins
  • cheaper
  • decreases environmental issues (not overfeeding N)
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38
Q

Why are crystalline AA sometime complexed with HCl?

A

to add stability/shelf life

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39
Q

What are the most common crystalline AA fed?

A
  • lys
  • trp
  • thr
  • met
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40
Q

define rumen protected feeds

A

do something to the nutrients/feedstuffs to decrease microbial degradation or use of specific nutrients

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41
Q

what feeds do we most commonly make rumen protected?

A
  • essentail AA (lysine and methionine)
  • essentail FA (linoleic and linolenic)
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42
Q

What are the 2 ways we can protect feeds from rumen microbes?

A
  • heat
  • chemical treatment
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43
Q

define NPN

A

non-protein nitrogen

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44
Q

define urea

A

a non-protein nitrogen we feed to ruminants

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45
Q

What is the %CP for urea?

A

281%

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46
Q

Why can do we feed urea to ruminants?

A

microbes can cleave the amine groups and use them to make AA

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47
Q

When feeding urea, what other nutrient source should a ruminant have?

A
  • readily fermentable CHO
  • they also need carbon so that they can use the amine group from the urea and a c-skeleton to make an AA (otherwise it is useless to feed urea)
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48
Q

define urea toxicity

A

an animal gets too much ammonia, lowers performance or kills the animals

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49
Q

3 Causes of Urea Toxicity

A
  1. poorly mixed feed
  2. nitrogen applies pasture/field
  3. fed to non-ruminants
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50
Q

urea toxicity treatment

A

reduce ph

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51
Q

urea toxicity prevention

A
  • mix feed well
  • acclimate to NPN diets
    (don’t cut corners)
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52
Q

What are co-product feeds?

A

everything from the parent compound that is not the goal product

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53
Q

How are new co-product feeds developed?

A

when we change processing for human use

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54
Q

What is ethanol made from?

A
  • cereal grains
  • most common: corn
55
Q

What is fermented to make ethanol?

A

starch

56
Q

What are the co-products of ethanol production?

A
  • wet distillers grain
  • dried distiller grain
    (they contain everything but starch)
57
Q

Why did we begin using co-products?

A

corn prices went up, mostly planted corn, so all feed prices went up and we needed nutrient sources

58
Q

Corn vs DDGS: CP

A

corn < DDGS

59
Q

Corn vs DDGS: starch

A

corn > DDGS

60
Q

Corn vs DDGS: NDF

A

corn < DDGS

61
Q

Corn vs DDGS: fat

A

corn < DDGS

62
Q

Feeding concern with DDGS

A
  • sulfur
  • mycotoxins
  • variable quality
  • excess N and P
63
Q

Why are mycotoxins bad?

A
  • decrease reproduction
  • especially a concern in non-ruminants
64
Q

What causes polioencephamalacia (PEM)?

A

high sulfur levels

65
Q

What are the species differences with feeding DDGS?

A

DDGS are high in fiber, so feeding to ruminants is not an issue but can cause issues for non-ruminants

66
Q

define thermoregulation

A

the regulation of body temperature, keeping it in an acceptable range

67
Q

define themoneutral zone

A

no net energy is necessary for thermoregulation

68
Q

define lower critical temperature

A
  • ambient temperature that stimulates metabolic rate and heat production
  • keeping the body warm when it is in a cold environment
69
Q

define upper critical temperature

A
  • ambient temperature that stimulates heat loss
  • rid of heat, when the environment is hot
70
Q

How is metabolic rate affected when you are in a lower critical temperature?

A

metabolic rate increases so that it can increase body temperature

71
Q

How is metabolic rate affected when you are in a upper critical temperature?

A

metabolic rate increases to decrease body temperature

72
Q

What are some ways the body will increase body temperature?

A
  • fluff hair
  • goose bumps
  • shift blood away from extremities and toward the core
73
Q

What are some ways the body will decrease body temperature?

A
  • sweat
  • panting
  • blood shift to periphery and ways from core
74
Q

define LCT

A

lower critical temperature

75
Q

define UCT

A

upper critical temperature

76
Q

Is it good or bad to increase LCT?

A

bad

77
Q

Is it good or bad to increase UCT?

A

good

78
Q

LCT: wet hair

A

increases LCT (animal gets colder more quickly)

79
Q

LCT: subcutaneous fat

A

more fat decreases LCT (increases fat makes them warmer)

80
Q

LCT: wind

A

increase LCT, get colder in the wind

81
Q

LCT: shelter

A

we use wind breaks and shelter to decrease LCT

82
Q

LCT: behavior

A

animals will move together to retain body heat

83
Q

LCT: diet

A

increase intake when possible, need extra energy to produce more heat

84
Q

LCT: age

A

younger animals have an increased LCT (need a higher temperature environment, like heat lamps)

85
Q

LCT: breed

A
  • size difference
  • hair/coat
  • adaption
86
Q

define cold stress

A

in a lower critical temperature

87
Q

define heat stress

A

in a upper critical temperature

88
Q

Why would you want a low LCT?

A

it is harder to freeze, to be cold

89
Q

Why would you want a high UCT?

A

harder to overheat

90
Q

UCT: species

A

some species are build for warmer conditions (ex: bos taurus and bos indicus)

91
Q

UCT: hair

A

less hair, increased UCT

92
Q

UCT: subcutaneous fat

A

more fat, decrease UCT

93
Q

UCT: wind

A

more wind, increase UTC

94
Q

UCT: humidity

A

higher humidity, decreases UTC

95
Q

UCT: shelter

A

shade, increase UTC

96
Q

UTC: behavior

A

animals will seek shade and stand still to dissipate heat

97
Q

UTC: diet

A

eating and digesting food will produce heat, so animals will decrease their intake when they are hot

98
Q

UTC: anti-nutritional factors

A
  • ex: endophyte fescue hay
  • interacts with the receptors in the body and increases heat stress
99
Q

In cold stress, why would they increase metabolic rate?

A

to produce heat (increase body temperature)

100
Q

In cold stress, what happens to feed intake?

A

feed intake increases when feed is available (where they can get to it without getting too cold)

101
Q

In cold stress, what happens to animal performance?

A
  • no change IF the animal can eat enough
  • if they cannot eat enough, animal performance can decrease
102
Q

In heat stress, why would they increase metabolic rate?

A

to dissipate heat (lower their body temperature)

103
Q

In heat stress, what happens to feed intake?

A

decreases feed intake (to keep HIF lower)

104
Q

In heat stress, what happens to animal performance?

A
  • decreases animal performance
  • ULESS we mitigate heat stress with a more nutrient dense feedstuffs
105
Q

how to maintain performance: cold stress

A
  1. increase feed allowance (feed intake)
  2. feed higher quality feed (energy and digestibility)
106
Q

how to maintain performance: heat stress

A

increase the nutrient density of feed (because they decrease intake)

107
Q

Why have we moved toward confinement housing of livestock?

A

They put less energy toward body temperature and more towards production

108
Q

define macro minerals

A

in greater quantity in the body
- bone (Ca, P, Mg)
- electrolytes (Na, Cl, K)
- AA (S)

109
Q

define micro/trace minerals

A

in lesser quantities in the body
- Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, I, Co, Mn, Mo

110
Q

Define minerals

A

elements from the periodic table

111
Q

what affects feedstuff mineral content?

A
  1. soil and water
  2. type of feedstuff/plant
  3. part of parent compound
112
Q

forages: Ca vs P

A

Ca > P

113
Q

grains: Ca vs P

A

Ca < P

114
Q

examples of water soluble vitamins

A
  • b-complex
  • C
115
Q

examples of fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

116
Q

Why are water soluble vitamins rarely stored in the body?

A

they are easily excreted in urine, look more like CHO and AA

117
Q

Why are fat soluble vitamins stored in the body?

A

they look more like lipids

118
Q

Feedstuff Vitamin Content

A
  • based of the feedstuff type/part of parent compound
  • can change based on the nutrition of the feedstuff
119
Q

What are the various forms of mineral and vitamin supplements?

A
  1. premix (TMR)
  2. self feeding (loose mineral, lick tub)
  3. pill
120
Q

define organic trace minerals

A

carbon containing compound is complexed to the trace mineral

121
Q

Why are organic trace minerals not utilized more often?

A

they are more expensive

122
Q

macro-mineral: concentration

A

a percentage

123
Q

micro-mineral: concentration

A

ppm or ppb

124
Q

vitamin: concentration

A

IU

125
Q

macromineral: requirement

A

grams/day

126
Q

micro-mineral: requirement

A

mg or ug / day

127
Q

vitamin: requirement

A

IU/day

128
Q

define mineral and vitamin intake requirements

A

animals vary in their requirements

129
Q

define deficiencies

A

anything we have a requirement for, we can have a deficiency for (species dependent)

130
Q

define toxicities

A

they get too much of a vit/min, can be species dependent

131
Q

define excess mineral and vitamin intake

A

common, will typically overfeed them

132
Q

define mineral and vitamin interactions

A

we cannot look at one mineral in isolation, we have to consider multiple minerals at the same time (important concept in medicine)

133
Q

mineral and vitamin interactions: positives

A
  • some fed together are powerful
  • enzymes that require multiple min / vit, if one is missing it limits the enzymes ability to work
134
Q

mineral and vitamin interactions: negative

A

high amount of one, cause deficiency of another

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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