Exam 4 (post Thanksgiving content) Flashcards
1
Q
What are co-products of oil processing?
A
oilseed meals
2
Q
What is the general percent of CP in oilseed meals?
A
- 35% (high protein)
- 90% true protein
3
Q
What amino acids are low in oilseed meals?
A
met and cys
4
Q
Why are corn and SBM complementary feeds?
A
- corn is an energy feed, SBM is a protein feed
- SBM is low in met, corn has moderate met
5
Q
What are two processing methods for oil removal of oilseeds?
A
- expeller (heat)
- solvent extraction (chemical)
6
Q
What affect does heat have on protein digestibility and RUP?
A
decreases digestibility, increases RUP
7
Q
What negative affect can heat have on a protein?
A
it can damage the bonds within the protein making it more difficult to digest
8
Q
What does solvent extraction maximize?
A
protein solubility and digestibility
9
Q
What solvent is commonly used to process oilseeds?
A
hexanes
10
Q
What is the number 1 plant protein source?
A
soybean meal
11
Q
Why do we often use soybean meal?
A
- has a great nutritional profile (protein, lysine)
- we grow a lot of it in the US
12
Q
What are anti nutritional factors of soybean meal?
A
- trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitors
- lectin
- allergen substances (nonruminants)
- oligosaccharides
- phytate
- goitrogenic substances
- phytoestrogens
13
Q
define trypsin/chymotrypisin inhibitors
A
keep from breaking down proteins
14
Q
define phytate
A
bonds to phosphorus making it less available to nonruminants (why you may add phytase to the diet)
15
Q
define goitrogenic substances
A
decreases the amount of iodine available
16
Q
define phytoestrogens
A
estrogen like compounds that can have plus or minus effects
17
Q
What are we trying to derive when milling corn?
the nutrients
A
- starch and nutritive sweetners (CHO)
- corn oil (fat)
18
Q
After milling corn, what products are you left with?
A
- corn gluten feed
- corn glutem meal
19
Q
What nutrients are in corn gluten feed?
A
- lower protein
- higher fiber (higher RDP)
- low in lysine, high in met
- (low in starch)
20
Q
What nutrients are in corn gluten meal?
A
- higher protein
- lower fiber (low RDP)
21
Q
> , <, =: RDP/FIBER of corn gluten feed vs meal
A
feed > meal
22
Q
> , <, =: PROTEIN of corn gluten feed vs meal
A
feed < meal
23
Q
animal protein sources: harvesting facilites
A
- meat and bone meal
- blood meal
- spray dried blood and plasma
- feather meal
24
Q
animal protein sources: milk processing
A
- dried whole milk
- dried skim milk
- whey protein concentrates
25
animal protein sources: other products
- fish meal (co-product or whole fish)
- poultry waste and litter
- meat co-products
26
Why do we feed poultry waste and litter?
it has a high volume of non-protein nitrogens
27
Why do we feed co-products?
- co-products can have high nutrition values
- it is better to use it than throw it in away/hole in the ground
28
Do animal proteins have a > or < RUP than plant proteins?
animal proteins > plant proteins
29
Why is it a positive that animal proteins have a greater RUP?
how we can get more essential AA into ruminant diets
30
What is the most common ruminant to be fed animal proteins?
lactating dairy diets, they have high production needs and need to get lots of essential AA in their diet
31
What are the negatives of animal proteins?
- high cost
- palatability, odor
- heat damage
32
What is the Ruminant Ban?
- FDA banned feeding ruminants to ruminants
- anything with central nervous tissue
33
What ruminant parts CANNOT be fed to other ruminants?
- ruminant meal
- bone meal
34
Why did they create the ruminant ban?
worried about BSE (or mad cow disease), BSE cannot be heat killed
35
What protein parts CAN be fed to ruminants?
- blood
- milk
- entirely non-ruminant proteins
36
Why is it more difficult to feed crystalline AA to ruminants?
microbes use the AA for themselves, does not make it to the animal
37
Why do we feed crystalline AA to non-ruminants?
- do not have microbes, easy
- allows to meet AA needs without over feeding proteins
- cheaper
- decreases environmental issues (not overfeeding N)
38
Why are crystalline AA sometime complexed with HCl?
to add stability/shelf life
39
What are the most common crystalline AA fed?
- lys
- trp
- thr
- met
40
define rumen protected feeds
do something to the nutrients/feedstuffs to decrease microbial degradation or use of specific nutrients
41
what feeds do we most commonly make rumen protected?
- essentail AA (lysine and methionine)
- essentail FA (linoleic and linolenic)
42
What are the 2 ways we can protect feeds from rumen microbes?
- heat
- chemical treatment
43
define NPN
non-protein nitrogen
44
define urea
a non-protein nitrogen we feed to ruminants
45
What is the %CP for urea?
281%
46
Why can do we feed urea to ruminants?
microbes can cleave the amine groups and use them to make AA
47
When feeding urea, what other nutrient source should a ruminant have?
- readily fermentable CHO
- they also need carbon so that they can use the amine group from the urea and a c-skeleton to make an AA (otherwise it is useless to feed urea)
48
define urea toxicity
an animal gets too much ammonia, lowers performance or kills the animals
49
3 Causes of Urea Toxicity
1. poorly mixed feed
2. nitrogen applies pasture/field
3. fed to non-ruminants
50
urea toxicity treatment
reduce ph
51
urea toxicity prevention
- mix feed well
- acclimate to NPN diets
(don't cut corners)
52
What are co-product feeds?
everything from the parent compound that is not the goal product
53
How are new co-product feeds developed?
when we change processing for human use
54
What is ethanol made from?
- cereal grains
- most common: corn
55
What is fermented to make ethanol?
starch
56
What are the co-products of ethanol production?
- wet distillers grain
- dried distiller grain
(they contain everything but starch)
57
Why did we begin using co-products?
corn prices went up, mostly planted corn, so all feed prices went up and we needed nutrient sources
58
Corn vs DDGS: CP
corn < DDGS
59
Corn vs DDGS: starch
corn > DDGS
60
Corn vs DDGS: NDF
corn < DDGS
61
Corn vs DDGS: fat
corn < DDGS
62
Feeding concern with DDGS
- sulfur
- mycotoxins
- variable quality
- excess N and P
63
Why are mycotoxins bad?
- decrease reproduction
- especially a concern in non-ruminants
64
What causes polioencephamalacia (PEM)?
high sulfur levels
65
What are the species differences with feeding DDGS?
DDGS are high in fiber, so feeding to ruminants is not an issue but can cause issues for non-ruminants
66
define thermoregulation
the regulation of body temperature, keeping it in an acceptable range
67
define themoneutral zone
no net energy is necessary for thermoregulation
68
define lower critical temperature
- ambient temperature that stimulates metabolic rate and heat production
- keeping the body warm when it is in a cold environment
69
define upper critical temperature
- ambient temperature that stimulates heat loss
- rid of heat, when the environment is hot
70
How is metabolic rate affected when you are in a lower critical temperature?
metabolic rate increases so that it can increase body temperature
71
How is metabolic rate affected when you are in a upper critical temperature?
metabolic rate increases to decrease body temperature
72
What are some ways the body will increase body temperature?
- fluff hair
- goose bumps
- shift blood away from extremities and toward the core
73
What are some ways the body will decrease body temperature?
- sweat
- panting
- blood shift to periphery and ways from core
74
define LCT
lower critical temperature
75
define UCT
upper critical temperature
76
Is it good or bad to increase LCT?
bad
77
Is it good or bad to increase UCT?
good
78
LCT: wet hair
increases LCT (animal gets colder more quickly)
79
LCT: subcutaneous fat
more fat decreases LCT (increases fat makes them warmer)
80
LCT: wind
increase LCT, get colder in the wind
81
LCT: shelter
we use wind breaks and shelter to decrease LCT
82
LCT: behavior
animals will move together to retain body heat
83
LCT: diet
increase intake when possible, need extra energy to produce more heat
84
LCT: age
younger animals have an increased LCT (need a higher temperature environment, like heat lamps)
85
LCT: breed
- size difference
- hair/coat
- adaption
86
define cold stress
in a lower critical temperature
87
define heat stress
in a upper critical temperature
88
Why would you want a low LCT?
it is harder to freeze, to be cold
89
Why would you want a high UCT?
harder to overheat
90
UCT: species
some species are build for warmer conditions (ex: bos taurus and bos indicus)
91
UCT: hair
less hair, increased UCT
92
UCT: subcutaneous fat
more fat, decrease UCT
93
UCT: wind
more wind, increase UTC
94
UCT: humidity
higher humidity, decreases UTC
95
UCT: shelter
shade, increase UTC
96
UTC: behavior
animals will seek shade and stand still to dissipate heat
97
UTC: diet
eating and digesting food will produce heat, so animals will decrease their intake when they are hot
98
UTC: anti-nutritional factors
- ex: endophyte fescue hay
- interacts with the receptors in the body and increases heat stress
99
In cold stress, why would they increase metabolic rate?
to produce heat (increase body temperature)
100
In cold stress, what happens to feed intake?
feed intake increases when feed is available (where they can get to it without getting too cold)
101
In cold stress, what happens to animal performance?
- no change IF the animal can eat enough
- if they cannot eat enough, animal performance can decrease
102
In heat stress, why would they increase metabolic rate?
to dissipate heat (lower their body temperature)
103
In heat stress, what happens to feed intake?
decreases feed intake (to keep HIF lower)
104
In heat stress, what happens to animal performance?
- decreases animal performance
- ULESS we mitigate heat stress with a more nutrient dense feedstuffs
105
how to maintain performance: cold stress
1. increase feed allowance (feed intake)
2. feed higher quality feed (energy and digestibility)
106
how to maintain performance: heat stress
increase the nutrient density of feed (because they decrease intake)
107
Why have we moved toward confinement housing of livestock?
They put less energy toward body temperature and more towards production
108
define macro minerals
in greater quantity in the body
- bone (Ca, P, Mg)
- electrolytes (Na, Cl, K)
- AA (S)
109
define micro/trace minerals
in lesser quantities in the body
- Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, I, Co, Mn, Mo
110
Define minerals
elements from the periodic table
111
what affects feedstuff mineral content?
1. soil and water
2. type of feedstuff/plant
3. part of parent compound
112
forages: Ca vs P
Ca > P
113
grains: Ca vs P
Ca < P
114
examples of water soluble vitamins
- b-complex
- C
115
examples of fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
116
Why are water soluble vitamins rarely stored in the body?
they are easily excreted in urine, look more like CHO and AA
117
Why are fat soluble vitamins stored in the body?
they look more like lipids
118
Feedstuff Vitamin Content
- based of the feedstuff type/part of parent compound
- can change based on the nutrition of the feedstuff
119
What are the various forms of mineral and vitamin supplements?
1. premix (TMR)
2. self feeding (loose mineral, lick tub)
3. pill
120
define organic trace minerals
carbon containing compound is complexed to the trace mineral
121
Why are organic trace minerals not utilized more often?
they are more expensive
122
macro-mineral: concentration
a percentage
123
micro-mineral: concentration
ppm or ppb
124
vitamin: concentration
IU
125
macromineral: requirement
grams/day
126
micro-mineral: requirement
mg or ug / day
127
vitamin: requirement
IU/day
128
define mineral and vitamin intake requirements
animals vary in their requirements
129
define deficiencies
anything we have a requirement for, we can have a deficiency for (species dependent)
130
define toxicities
they get too much of a vit/min, can be species dependent
131
define excess mineral and vitamin intake
common, will typically overfeed them
132
define mineral and vitamin interactions
we cannot look at one mineral in isolation, we have to consider multiple minerals at the same time (important concept in medicine)
133
mineral and vitamin interactions: positives
- some fed together are powerful
- enzymes that require multiple min / vit, if one is missing it limits the enzymes ability to work
134
mineral and vitamin interactions: negative
high amount of one, cause deficiency of another
