All Quizzes Flashcards
1
Q
Why does nutrition of animals matter so much?
Feed is a large cost for care of livestock and pets
Product quality is affected by animal nutrition
Nutrient intake greatly affects health of animals
All of these
A
All of these
2
Q
Which of the following states the 4 processes of nutrition in the correct order?
A
Consume feed, digest feed, absorb nutrients, use nutrients
3
Q
(T/F) Animals are made of nutrients, and use nutrients to fuel their metabolic processes.
A
True
4
Q
What is a diet in terms of this class?
A
The feedstuffs/foods consumed by an animal
5
Q
Which of the following is not a nutrient class?
Minerals
Proteins
Energy
Carbohydrates
Water
Vitamins
Fats
A
Energy
6
Q
(T/F) We do not talk about water much because animals do not need much of it.
A
False
7
Q
Which of the following is not an accurate description of carbohydrates?
- Animal tissue can be very high in carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates generally only contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- Carbohydrates are generally used by the body as energy
- Most Carbohydrates are consumed as polymers or dimers that come from plants
A
Animal tissue can be very high in carbohydrates
8
Q
Which of these is the most accurate definition of non-essential amino acid?
- The amino acid in necessary in the diet because the body cannot produce enough of it, even in the presence of substrates
- An animal has to consume that nutrient class to live and function
- It does not need to be in the diet because the body can produce it if it consumes enough substrates
- All animals must eat that animo acid
A
It does not need to be in the diet because the body can produce it if it consumes enough substrates
9
Q
Which of these best describes lipids in the diet?
All of these
Some fatty acids are essential in the diet
Many are consumed as triglycerides
They can be used to generate more energy than other nutrient types
A
All of these
10
Q
(T/F) Energy can come from all major nutrient classes.
A
False
11
Q
Which of these is not true about vitamins and minerals?
Minerals are inorganic but vitamins always contain C
Both are found in low concentrations in the diet
Vitamins are classified by how much are needed in the diet
Minerals and vitamins have various functions based on the specific mineral/vitamin
A
Vitamins are classified by how much are needed in the diet
12
Q
Which of the following is not a role of the GI tract for all species?
Absorbing nutrients
Digesting food
Excreting urine
Pathogen defense
Moving digesta and waste
A
Excreting urine
13
Q
(T/F) The lumen of the GI tract is on the inside of the body.
A
False
14
Q
What animal has the type of GI tract that we often think of as the “default” when comparing other types of GI tracts?
A
Pig
15
Q
Which of these does not describe a way that poultry are different from simple monogastrics?
Birds may have more than 1 cecum
Birds have no gastric stomach
Birds have a storage area before the stomach
Birds have a ventriculus for grinding feed after the stomach
A
Birds have no gastric stomach
16
Q
Which of these is not a correct statement about avian GI tracts?
- The pancreas of birds is very different based on its location
- Crop function differs some among diet and species
- The relatively small proventriculus is made up for by the ventriculus
- The ventriculus acts to decrease particle size of digesta
A
The pancreas of birds is very different based on its location
17
Q
Hindgut fermenters ___________.
- Can consume a forage-based diet because of their high fermentation capacity in the large intestine
- Can have an ensacculated (sacculated) cecum and colon
- Have a similar foregut and midgut to a pig or human
- All of these
A
All of these
18
Q
Which of these is not an accurate comparison of GI tract compacity and fermentation?
- Ruminants have much more relative foregut capacity than other GI tract types
- All species types discussed have some possible large intestinal fermentation
- Simple monogastrics usually have a similar capacity among the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
- Horses and cattle have similar relative capacity of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut
A
Horses and cattle have similar relative capacity of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut
19
Q
How are ruminants different from most other species?
- All of these
- Their small intestine is much more organized anatomically
- They have a large fermentation vat before the small intestine
- They do not have a stomach part that is similar to the stomach of a simple monogastric
A
They have a large fermentation vat before the small intestine
20
Q
(T/F) The GI tract uses and metabolizes many nutrients, in addition to digesting and absorbing them.
A
True
21
Q
Which of these is not an accurate comparison of horses with other livestock species?
- Importance of hindgut fermentation to an individual horse depends on its diet
- They can eat more fiber than pigs
- They digest fiber better than cattle
- They have faster passage rate than cattle
- Although both have large intestinal fermentation, horses have more than pigs
A
They digest fiber better than cattle
22
Q
Who has the most minor contribution of fermentation to their diet in this list?
A
poultry
23
Q
Why do microbes do fermentation in the GI tract?
All of these
Because they have a lot of oxygen
To make volatile fatty acids for the host
To provide energy for themselves
A
To provide energy for themselves
24
Q
(T/F) Not all livestock species do fermentation in their large intestine.
A
False
25
What is the lumen of the GI tract?
The cells lining the GI tract, that touch digesta
26
How does the mouth begin digestion?
Through salivary enzymes in some species
Mechanical breakdown with teeth or beaks
All of these
Wetting feed and allowing a bolus to form
All of these
27
What dictates teeth or beak structure, location, or number? Select the best answer.
Role in feed/food intake and mechanical digestion
Early development of animal
Environment in which animal lives
Saliva type
Role in feed/food intake and mechanical digestion
28
(T/F) Most livestock and pets have significant quantities of salivary amylase.
False
29
Which of these is not a role of saliva?
Killing pathogens
Nervous regulation
Aiding in formation of a feed/food bolus
Making it easier for nutrients to reach taste receptors
Protection of teeth
Nervous regulation
30
Which is not true about the esophagus?
- It connects to the stomach at the cardiac sphincter in non-ruminants
- It is to the side of the trachea in throat of most species
- It delivers food from mouth to stomach
- It is a muscular tube
It is to the side of the trachea in throat of most species
31
Which of these best describes the role of HCl secreted in the gastric stomach?
- Substantial digestion of all nutrient classes
- To protect the gastric stomach from enzymatic action
- All of these
- Immune defense by killing many microbes, activation of pepsin, and some initial breakdown of digesta
Immune defense by killing many microbes, activation of pepsin, and some initial breakdown of digesta
32
How does the stomach protect itself from the chemicals it secretes?
- The mucosal ephithelium provides a water layer of protection
- Pepsin is secreted as an active form to prevent tissue breakdown
- All of these
- H+ and Cl- ions are secretly separately
H+ and Cl- ions are secretly separately
33
How does the GI tract regulate its secretions?
Using signals that are delivered before food is consumed, while food is in the stomach, and while digesta is in the small intestine
34
Which of these is not a reason zymogens are used by the GI tract?
- Zymogens can be activated in the GI tract lumen by other chemicals present
- To protect the gastric stomach, pancreas, and small intestine from protease action during synthesis and secretion
- Because the GI tract and accessory organs often make enzymes that could digest their own tissues without protection measures
- To protect cells from dissacharidases and amylase
To protect cells from dissacharidases and amylase
35
Which of these is not an accurate similarly or difference among species?
- Epithelium of the stomach differs based on species
- GI tract secretion is regulated by nervous and hormonal mechanisms in all species
- All mammal and bird species we have discussed have a gastric stomach
- All species use the same approach to decrease digesta particle size
All species use the same approach to decrease digesta particle size
36
Which of these is a not a role of the large intestine?
Site of microbial fermentation
Transportation of waste
Absorption of AA
Absorption of water and VFA
Absorption of AA
37
Which of these is an incorrect pairing of accessory organ and role in nutrition?
Pancreas: endocrine secretions digest nutrients
Liver: produces bile
Brain: Signals hunger or fullness
Gall bladder: Stores bile (but not in all species)
Pancreas: endocrine secretions digest nutrients
38
How are ruminants different from monogastrics?
They have no large intestinal fermentation
Their foregut fermentation means that microbes can use nutrients before the animal
Monogastrics cannot regurgitate food
All of these
Their foregut fermentation means that microbes can use nutrients before the animal
39
Which of the following is not true about ruminant stomach complex anatomy?
The omasum has many folds of tissue
The esophageal opening leading into the rumen and omasal orifice leading out of the rumen are quite far apart anatomically
The reticulum and rumen are a generally continuous space
Papillae are used to increase surface area for absorption in the rumen
The esophageal opening leading into the rumen and omasal orifice leading out of the rumen are quite far apart anatomically
40
(T/F) It is unusual for a ruminant to have a gas cap in the rumen.
False
41
Which of the following best describes the rumen environment?
- Has plenty of feed substrates and microbial co-products
- All of these
- Is anaerobic
- Has a pH that changes based on fermentation substrates
- Warm and wet
All of these
42
Which of these is not used by ruminal microbes to generate ATP for themselves?
long-chained fatty acids
glycerol
glucose
C-skeletons
long-chained fatty acids
43
What are volatile fatty acids?
All of these
Produced by ruminal microbes as a co-product of fermentation
Acetate, Propionate, and Butyrate
Short-chained fatty acids
All of these
44
How do starch and fiber fermentation by ruminal microbes differ?
Ruminal pH resulting from the fermentation
Microbes species involved
Rate of VFA production (VFA/time)
Rate of degradation of polysaccharide breakdown, resulting ultimately in the rate of fermentation
All of these
All of these
45
Why is production of CO2 and CH4 in the rumen bad for the ruminant? Select the most complete answer.
The carbon in these could have been used for VFA production
Gasses must be eructated (belched), resulting in waste of carbon from feed
CH4 is a greenhouse gas
Gasses can lead to bloat
Gasses must be eructated (belched), resulting in waste of carbon from feed
46
Which of the following is not true about ruminal microbe use of nutrients?
Some microbes can synthesize their own AA from NH3 and C-skeletons
Microbes use AA and FA to grow and reproduce
Microbes use CHO, fatty acids, and C-sketletons from AA for energy
Microbes need to degrade feed particles to monomers before they can ferment or use monomers
Microbes use CHO, fatty acids, and C-sketletons from AA for energy
47
How are fatty acids changed by rumen microbes?
Essential FA often are altered to become non-essential FA
Their C=C location is altered
Fatty acids become more saturated
H are added to the C tail
All of these
All of these
48
How do rumen microbes use amino acids?
All of these
Deaminate, resulting in NH3 and C-skeleton
Synthesize AA from NH3 and C-skeleton
To grow and reproduce
All of these
49
Which of the following is not true regarding ruminant nutrition?
- Rumen microbes alter the FA and AA profile of what reaches the small intestine so that it is different from the original feed
- Rumen microbes get the first opportunity to metabolize and use nutrients from feed
- Rumen microbes themselves are a good source of CHO and fat once they reach the small intestine
- Rumen microbes alter the AA profile from the feed, which can improve the profile
Rumen microbes themselves are a good source of CHO and fat once they reach the small intestine
50
Why are some nutrients in the rumen not degraded?
- Microbes do not have the enzymes to degrade or ferment them
- All of these
- They pass ouf of the RRO before they can be degraded or fermented by microbes
- They were altered in a way that prevented microbes from degrading or fermenting them
All of these
51
(T/F) Ruminants and horses get the same benefits from all aspects of microbial fermentation and metabolism, regardless of their fermentation vat location.
False
52
(T/F) The ruminal pH is more acidic when a high concentrate diet is fed.
True
53
Which of the following is not true about nutrient requirements?
- They vary with production levels, even within species
- They are set for individual animals, not averages of groups
- They are minimum amounts, to prevent deficiency
- They are set for a specific physiological state (e.g. lactration, growth)
They are set for individual animals, not averages of groups
54
If you feed a pen of growing steers the same diet, why do they have different average daily gains?
- Their diet was formulated based on their estimated average nutrient requirements
- All of these
- They have individual differences in how their bodies utilize nutrients, causing efficiency differences
- Factors affecting their nutrient requirements such as previous nutrition, health status, and genetics
All of these
55
Which of the following is not correct?
- Deficiencies result from low nutrient intake, with negative effects on the animal
- Deficiencies and toxicities don't ever affect animal growth rate
- Toxicities result from high nutrient intake with negative effects on an animal
- Deficiencies can occur from most nutrients and energy
Deficiencies and toxicities don't ever affect animal growth rate
56
Which of the following does not describe how the law of diminishing returns can be used to illustrate nutrient requirements?
- Deficiency is illustrated early in the curve, where the slope is steep, but doesn't start at 0
- Increasing nutrient intake by 1 unit does not yield a greater output when an animal in in excess
- Toxicity results in a decrease in animal performance
- At some point, increasing nutrient intake does not increase production output
Deficiency is illustrated early in the curve, where the slope is steep, but doesn't start at 0
57
Why might we feed an animal in excess of its requirements, especially considering the figure drawn showing the law of diminishing returns and what you know about nutrient requirements?
- The animal has lower than average nutrient requirements, but is in a pen being fed to NRC requirements
- An economical feedstuff or diet had excess nutrients
- All of these
- We wanted to ensure meeting requirements, and were ok with overfeeding
All of these
58
(T/F) Deficiencies and toxicities can occur for all nutrients consumed by an animal.
False
59
Which of these is not true about energy use by an animal?
- Energy is the ability to do work, including metabolic work
- ATP is the energy currency of the cell
- When we talk about consuming energy, we mean that an animal is consuming ATP
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can move around and change forms
When we talk about consuming energy, we mean that an animal is consuming ATP
60
Which best describes how the conventional energy scheme is used in animal nutrition?
- To describe the relationship of nutrient intake and animal performance
- To determine efficiency of energy use
- All of these
- To partition energy needs of animals and concentration of potential energy in feeds
To partition energy needs of animals and concentration of potential energy in feeds
61
Which of the following would have the greatest numerical value for a given feedstuff or diet?
heat increment of feeding
net energy for maintenance
net energy
fecal energy
gross energy
gross energy
62
Which of the following does not accurately represent energy losses for certain species based on GI tract types?
- Cats have minimal fecal energy losses when fed fiber
- Ruminants have large gaseous energy and HIF losses due to ruminal fermentation
- Horses have the lower fecal energy losses on forage than most monogastrics
- There is a minimal variation in urinary energy losses among species
Cats have minimal fecal energy losses when fed fiber
63
Which of the following is not true about carbohydrate structure?
- Monosaccharides have 5 or 6 carbons
- Carbohydrates can have any number of C, H, and 0 atoms
- Disaccharides are often consumed by animals
- Polysaccharides can have hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides
Carbohydrates can have any number of C, H, and 0 atoms
64
Which of the following are polysaccharides?
A: amylopectin
B: starch
C: lactose
D: fiber
E: cellobiose
A, B, D
65
Which is not a reason why plants are composed of much more carbohydrates than animals?
Animals cannot synthesis carbohydrates
Animals do not use carbohydrates for structure
Plants make carbohydrates through photosynthesis
Carbohydrates are important for plant structure, energy storage, and energy transfer
Animals cannot synthesis carbohydrates
66
Which of the following is not true about these metabolic pathways?
Glycolysis produces acetyl CoA
acetyl CoA can enter into the TCA cycle or lipogenesis
Glycolysis and glycogenesis start with glucose
Reducing equivalents from the TCA cycle are used in ATP production in the electron transport chain
Glycolysis produces acetyl CoA
67
Which of these best describes glycogen regulation?
Glycogenolysis increases when blood glucose is low
Glycogenesis increases in the fed state
All of these
Glycogenolysis will occur under the same sort of conditions as gluconeogenesis in non-ruminants
All of these
68
Which of the following is not an accurate description of the type of carbohydrate mostly present in the high energy feedstuff?
milk co-products: starch
soyhulls: fiber
molasses: sugar
wheat: starch
milk co-products: starch
69
Which is not a reason that we feed so much corn to livestock?
It has high starch content
It has a good AA profile
We have developed corn varieties that can grow in much of the US
It has high energy relative to other grains
It has a good AA profile
70
Relative to other cereal grains, corn has _______.
Less energy but more protein
More energy but less protein
Less energy and less protein
More energy and more protein
More energy but less protein
71
Why is molasses added to some livestock diets?
It encourages animals to consume the feed
Sucrose is a good energy source
It can reduce dust
All of these
All of these
72
Which is not accurate about structural carbohydrate co-product feeds?
- They are often fed to grazing ruminants and as a fiber source in high concentrate ruminant diets
- We feed them to late gestation sows regularly, and see benefits in other classes of swine also
- We can use them in pet diets as a filler and to improve fecal consistency
- We regularly feed all of them to horses due to hindgut fermentation
We regularly feed all of them to horses due to hindgut fermentation
73
Which is not a negative aspect of feeding fibrous co-products?
They can have high lignin
Their AA profile
They can have palatability issues
They are often low density
They can have high NDF
They can have high NDF
74
Which of the following is not true about C18:3?
It has 18 C and 3 C=C
It is a long-chained fatty acid
It is an essential fatty acid
It is monounsaturated
It is monounsaturated
75
Unsaturated fats...
Are more likely to be liquid at room temperature
Have C=C
Have more "kinks" in the C tail
Have more oxidative instability
All of these
All of these
76
Which of these statements is not true about triglycerides?
- They are the main energy storage lipid of animals and plants
- They have a glycerol backbone
- They have less FA than other simple or compound lipids
- They are common in animal feed
They have less FA than other simple or compound lipids
77
Why is lipid digestion and absorption different from that of carbohydrates and proteins?
All of these
Fat structure is more complicated
Fats are insoluble in water
The location of fat digestion in the GI tract differs
Fats are insoluble in water
78
Which of these does not accurately describe lipid digestion and absorption?
- Action of pancreatic lipase released early in the small intestine results in 2 fatty acids and 1 monoglyceride
- Mixed micelles form within the lumen of the small intestine to keep FA, monoglycerides, and vitamins A, D, E, and K dispersed in digesta
- Once inside the enterocyte, triglycerides reform and are combined with protein for transport out of the cell
- Bile is released into the duodenum by the liver/gall bladder, and it digests triglycerides into fatty acids
Bile is released into the duodenum by the liver/gall bladder, and it digests triglycerides into fatty acids
79
Why are lipids complexed with protein for transport in the blood?
All of these
Fat could come together in the blood stream without protein
Protein can travel safely in blood, but lipid cannot
Blood is aqueous, and lipids are immiscible in water
All of these
80
Why is fat needed in the diet of all animals?
It provides 2.25x as much energy as carbohydrates and amino acids
Lipid bilayers are present in all cells
To provide C18:2 and C18:3 and allow for absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K
All of these
Cholesterol is used to make steroid hormones
To provide C18:2 and C18:3 and allow for absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K
81
Which of the following species much consume C20:4 in their diet?
All of these
Cows
Humans
Tigers
Chickens
Tigers
82
Which of the following is an inaccurate description of lipid function in the body?
Fat provides an effective long-term energy storage
Cholesterol is important for synthesis of vitamin D precursors and bile acids
Phospholipids are important components of lipid bilayers of cells
Essential fatty acids are used to make steroid hormones
Essential fatty acids are used to make steroid hormones
83
Which of the following is not true about β-oxidation?
Acetyl CoA are produced, which can be used to generate more ATP or in other pathways
It does not produce ATP until the next step
It deconstructs fatty acids 2 C at a time
It can be performed on fatty acids from the diet or adipose
It does not produce ATP until the next step
84
Acetyl-coA cannot be used to make which of the following?
reducing equivalents
ketones
fatty acids
amino acids
cholesterol
amino acids
85
Why do animals do fatty acid biosynthesis?
They consumed more nutrients that provide energy than the body needed
Their fat intake was too low, and fatty acids are needed to make compounds for cell membranes and other functions
All of these
They need to store C from CHO intake
All of these
86
What is ketogenesis?
The formation of ketones from glucose
Ketone synthesis from acetyl CoA that came from fatty acids
The decrease in intake around calving in dairy cows
A means to provide ketones for use by adipose
Ketone synthesis from acetyl CoA that came from fatty acids
87
Which of these does not describe a condition in which ketones are usually formed?
When the brain and muscle have limited glucose supply.
When blood glucose is high
When multiple fetuses restrict size of a ewe's rumen, and therefore her energy intake
When CHO intake is low
Early lactation dairy cow with high energy requirements
When blood glucose is high
88
How are ruminants different from non-ruminants in regard to fat metabolism?
Ruminants can more easily be fed essential fatty acids
Rumen microbes are affected by fatty acids, and ruminal digestibility of other nutrients is improved
Rumen microbes saturate and alter location of remaining C=C, so the fatty acid profile is altered
Ruminants need only 2 essential fatty acids, and non-ruminants need 3
All of these
Rumen microbes saturate and alter location of remaining C=C, so the fatty acid profile is altered
89
Which of the following is not a reason to feed increased fat in the diet?
To increase energy density
To allow for absorption of B and C vitamins
To provide C18:2, C18:3, C20:4
To reduce dust or condition feed
To allow for absorption of B and C vitamins
90
Which of the following accurately describes practical fat inclusion in livestock diets?
Animals with high energy needs are more likely to be fed diets with added fats
All of these
We can increase fat in the diet by adding a 100% fat source, or by choosing feedstuffs with greater fat concentration
Fat inclusion can depend on cost
Fatty acid profile may affect our decision whether to feed plant or animal-sourced fat
All of these
91
Why are essential AA needed in the diet?
All of these
They are needed for protein synthesis
The are dispensible in the diet
They cannot be made in great enough quantities, even when provided enough substrates
They cannot be made in great enough quantities, even when provided enough substrates
92
Why does the R group of amino acids matter?
It gives the AA chemical properties that determine how it interacts with other compounds
All of these
The AA is otherwise the same as all other AA, structure-wise
It gives the AA its identity
All of these
93
(T/F) DNA is translated to RNA, and RNA is transcribed to protein.
False
94
What are the major uses of amino acids in the body?
Protein synthesis only
Used for protein synthesis, energy production or storage, and production of other important non-protein biosignalling compounds from single to few AA
Protein synthesis, energy production or storage, and AA storage sites
Protein synthesis and energy production
Used for protein synthesis, energy production or storage, and production of other important non-protein biosignalling compounds from single to few AA
95
How are AA used in energy pathways to produce ATP now?
They become reducing equivalents that enter the electron transport chain
They get converted to glucose before any ATP can be prodcued
They are deaminated and converted to fatty acids
They are deaminated, then C-skeletons enter various places in the TCA cycle
They are deaminated, then C-skeletons enter various places in the TCA cycle
96
Which of the following is not true about soybean meal?
It is a co-product feed from the oil extraction of soybeans
It has anti-nutritional properties that should be taken into consideration while feeding
It is the most widely fed protein feed amongst livestock species
It contains phytotestosterones that impact production
It contains phytotestosterones that impact production
97
Which of the following is not true about the comparison of plant and animal protein feeds?
Plant proteins are fed more, largely because they are less expensive
Plant proteins are not regulated, whereas some ruminant-sourced proteins are regulated
Animal proteins are more likely to have heat damage or palatability issues
Animal proteins have more RDP than plant proteins
Animal proteins have more RDP than plant proteins
98
Which of the following animal protein sources cannot be fed to a feedlot steer?
Ruminant meat and bone meal
Poultry waste and litter
Fish meal
All of these can be fed to a steer
Ruminant blood meal
Ruminant meat and bone meal
99
Which of these is not a reason why we feed synthetic (crystalline) amino acids regularly to swine and poultry?
They do not have rumen microbes to alter AA of the diet
It allows us to supplement essential AA to requirements without increasing overall %CP of diet
Non-ruminants have greater AA needs than ruminants
It decreases N waste from excess AA
Non-ruminants have greater AA needs than ruminants
100
How can essential AA or FA be fed to ruminants?
Feeds with high RDP and AA desired can be used
The AA or FA can be chemically treated to ensure that rumen microbes cannot digest or alter it
All of these
AA that are not heat treated are able to escape the rumen unchanged
Rumen microbes can be altered to ensure that they do not alter AA or FA
The AA or FA can be chemically treated to ensure that rumen microbes cannot digest or alter it
101
Which of the following is incorrect about feeding urea to livestock?
It contains greater than 100% crude protein
Some rumen microbes have urease activity and can cleave ammonia from urea
Ruminant animals can use ammonia from the urea to build amino acids in the liver
If readily fermentable carbohydrates are not available, urea is not as effective in the diet
Urea is only fed to ruminants, and can be toxic to non-ruminants in small quantities
Ruminant animals can use ammonia from the urea to build amino acids in the liver
102
Which is untrue about co-product feeds?
They can greatly differ from the original feedstuff in nutrient composition
Processes that create them can affect availability of their "parent" compound/feed also
They usually have useful nutrients remaining after the primary product is removed or used
They are just waste that need to be gotten rid of, and they have minimal nutrients for animals
They are just waste that need to be gotten rid of, and they have minimal nutrients for animals
103
(T/F) Ethanol is extracted from corn, leaving the rest of the nutrients there.
False
104
Which of the following is not true about corn vs. DDGS from corn?
Starch: DDGS < corn
Fiber: DDGS > corn
Protein: DDGS > corn
Fat: DDGS < corn
Fat: DDGS < corn
105
Which of these is not a concern about feeding ethanol co-products?
Variable quality and nutrient composition
Mycotoxin consumption, especially by non-ruminants
High P causes toxicity
Lack of starch
Lack of starch
