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Animal Nutrition > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

roles of the large intestine

A
  1. microbial fermentation
  2. absorption
  3. expels waste
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2
Q

define hindgut microbial fermentation

A

microbes fermenting “leftovers”, what the animal could not absorb itself (mostly fibers)

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3
Q

What does the large intestine absorb?

A

main: VFAs
and water (electrolytes - macro minerals)

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4
Q

What are crypts in the large intestine?

A

stem cells

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5
Q

define feces

A

expelled in waste, what can’t be digested/absorbed

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6
Q

define endogenous losses

A

expelled in waste, sloughed cells (dead epithelium, bile, enzymes, etc.)

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7
Q

immune functions of the large intestine

A

motility, flushing it out

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8
Q

What are the structural parts of the large intestine?

A
  • mucosal tissue
  • cecum
  • large colon
  • small colon
  • rectum
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9
Q

structure of the cecum

A

a “blind sac”, goes to no where, lots of fermentation

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10
Q

What is the structure of the large colon?

A

leads to the rectum

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11
Q

What is the structure of the small colon?

A

spiral

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12
Q

What is the structure and function of the rectum?

A
  • highly controlled sphincter
  • nervous regulation
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13
Q

What is the relationship between feces and water absorption?

A

the more water absorbed in the intestine, the harder and smaller the poop

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14
Q

Why does the large intestine have lower surface area than the small intestine?

A

there are no vili in the large intestine, so there is a lower surface area

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15
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

between the stomach and small intestine

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16
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

synthesize and secrete digestive enzymes (80-90% - exocrine) and metabolic hormones (5-20% - endocrine) and secretes bicarbonate into the small intestine

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17
Q

What is the function of the digestive enzymes?

A

the pancreas secretes them in the duodenum into the gi tract (acts before small intestine enzymes)
- examples: proteases, lipases, amylases

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18
Q

What is the function of metabolic hormones?

A

some regulate the gi tract, others metabolism
- example: insulin

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19
Q

What is the function of bicarbonate in the small intestine?

A
  • buffer (HCl)
  • elevate the ph closer to 7 (neutral)
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20
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A
  • bile
  • metabolism
  • storage of some vitamins and minerals
  • short term energy storage (glycogen)
  • detoxification
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21
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

gallbladder, unless the animal does not have one then it is stored in the liver

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22
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

fat emulsification

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23
Q

What is the function of detoxification in the liver?

A

metabolizing “non-nutrients”
–> hormones, alcohol, drugs

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24
Q

What is the function of a gallbladder?

A
  • found on the liver
  • stores and releases in bile
    (not present in all species)
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25
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

not attached to gi tract, no direct secretion, but handles things the gi tract brings in
- detoxification (urea)
- excretion of waste (urine)
- water balance (electrolytes)

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26
Q

What is the function of the brain in the gi tract?

A

regulates the gi tract because it controls the nervous system
- highly involved in satiety
- produces metabolic and gi hormones
- target of hormones

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27
Q

define satiety

A

fullness, stop eating

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28
Q

define fermentation

A

microbial metabolism of organic compounds to obtain energy in and anaerobic environment

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29
Q

What are microbes?

A

bacteria (most) and Protozoa (largest in size)

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30
Q

What organic compounds are being fermented?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • carbon skeletons of AA
  • glycerol backbones of triglycerides
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31
Q

What are the products of fermentation?

A
  • ATP (for the microbes)
  • coproducts (good=VFA, bad=CO2, CH4)
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32
Q

Where is fermentation located in a ruminant?

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum (and large intestine)

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33
Q

What are the 4 steps in the ruminant gi tract?

A
  1. RRO (fermentation) –> complex foregut
  2. gastric stomach
  3. small intestine
  4. large intestine
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34
Q

What is the importance of fermentation happening before the animal does digestion and absorption?

A
  1. gives microbes a first chance to ferment nutrients
  2. microbes from RRO are food (protein) for the animal
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35
Q

How are microbes killed?

A

HCl, they pass out/die and go into the stomach

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36
Q

Why is feeding a ruminant more complicated than feeding a monogastric?

A

feeding the microbes first and hoping we can get the nutrients to the animal

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37
Q

define coprophagy.

A

eating feces

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38
Q

define regurgitation.

A

throwing up, before rumination

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39
Q

deine rumination.

A

rechewing previously consumed feed (mostly fibers and long pieces of forage)

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40
Q

Why do ruminants ruminate?

A

to decrease particle size, increase surface area, and increase digestion

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41
Q

define eructation.

A

rid of gases, belch (prevent bloat)

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42
Q

define bloat and how it can become an issue

A

accumulation of gas, if an animal gets bloated they can suffocate and die

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43
Q

Where is most of the digesta located?

ruminant

A

in the 4 stomach sections?

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44
Q

Does a ruminants stomach have a slow or fast passage rate?

A

slow passage rate

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45
Q

What is the order of the sections of the stomach complex?

A
  1. reticulo-rumen
  2. omasum
  3. abomasum (gastric stomach
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46
Q

What are the layers of the stomach complex?

A

TOP - gas cap (CH4, CO2)
- fiber mat
- liquid (microbes and small feed particles)
BOTTOM - heavy material (rocks, metal, etc)

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47
Q

What is the fiber mat in the stomach complex?

A

fiber floats on top of the stomach liquid, makes it easier to regurg into the esophagus

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48
Q

What is the function of the pillar structures in the stomach complex?

A

promotes good mixing of the rumen and sections the stomach complex

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49
Q

Why are the reticulum and rumen called the reticulo-rumen?

A

the rumen and reticulum are continuous

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50
Q

What are the functions of the reticulo-rumen?

A
  • main site of microbial fermentation
  • house microbes
  • absorption of VFAs and ammonia
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51
Q

Where is the main site of microbial fermentation?

ruminant

A

reticulo-rumen

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52
Q

What makes the environment of the reticulo-rumen ideal for microbial fermentation?

A
  • lots of water
  • warm (102-108 degrees F)
  • ph is variable
  • no oxygen
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53
Q

Why is there a honeycomb structure in the reticulo-rumen?

A

we don’t know why

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54
Q

How do we study microbes?

A

microbes are difficult to study because it is hard to simulate or enter their exact environment. However, now we can genotype them.

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55
Q

What are papillae?

A

structures in the reticulo-rumen that increase surface area and give microbes a home

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56
Q

Why would papillae change shape/size?

A
  • top of the rumen has loose bumps (less absorption)
  • mid-bottom of rumen have massive papillae because they are absorbing lots of nutrients
  • diet: more fermentation=large papillae, not eating=small papillae
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57
Q

Is the rumen motile?

A

the rumen is very thick and muscular and constantly moving

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58
Q

describe the rumen epithelium

A
  • covered in papillae
  • NOT mucosal
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59
Q

What is the structure of the omasum?

A

it is a hard structure with NO papillae, but LOTS of nubs/folded tissue

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60
Q

What is the function of the omasum?

A
  • controls passage to abomasum
  • absorption of VFAs and NH3 (not yet absorbed)
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61
Q

Why does the omasum have so many folds?

A

to increase surface area, to increase absorption

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62
Q

What is the structure of the tissue in the abomasum?

A

it is mucosal

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63
Q

Which part of the stomach complex gets a continuous digesta flow?

A

abomasum

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64
Q

In a ruminant, what parts of the gi tract are similar to a monogastric?

A
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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65
Q

Why would the stomach complex shrink?

A

if there is less nutrients coming in
- (passage rate will also decrease)

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66
Q

What are the microbe types named after?

A

what they do or break down

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67
Q

What are the goals of a microbe?

A
  • survive
  • grow
  • reproduce
    all of these use energy!! growth and reproduction uses AA and FA.
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68
Q

What are microbes made up of?

A

protein and fats

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69
Q

Where do microbes get their ATP from?

A

carbon skeletons, carbohydrates, and glycerol backbones

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70
Q

What carbohydrates can microbes degrade with enzymes?

A
  • fiber
  • starch
  • sugar
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71
Q

Which type of carbohydrate do fibrolytic microbes degrade that have beta linkages?

A

fiber

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72
Q

Which type of carbohydrate do amyolitic microbes degrade that have alpha linkages?

A

starch

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73
Q

What is the main product of microbial fermentation of monosaccharides?

A

ATP

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74
Q

What are the coproducts of microbial fermentation of monosaccharides?

A
  • VFAs
  • CO2
  • CH4
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75
Q

What is the structure of a VFA?

A

short chained fatty acid (2-8 chains)

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76
Q

What is a VFA?

A
  • Volatile Fatty Acid
  • not needed by microbes but can be used by the animal in glucogenoisis (for energy)
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77
Q

Are VFAs soluble in water?

A

YES, although they are fatty acids they have short chains

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78
Q

Is the ph of VFAs low or high?

A

low, they are acidic

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79
Q

Where are VFAs absorbed?

A

in the RRO epithelium (and large intestine)

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80
Q

If a ruminant is eating more starch, would it have a high or low ph?

A

LOW PH (5.5-6.5) because more VFAs are being produced and there is a quick rate of absorption

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81
Q

What are common VFAs?

A
  • butyrate
  • acetate
  • propionate
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82
Q

If a ruminant is eating more fiber what is their ph?

A

NEUTRAL because fibers are more neutral materials

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83
Q

When changing an animals diet, why does it need to be done slowly?

A

the microbes need time to adapt (when there are less substrates for a type of microbes they will regress, so you need to introduce the new diet slowly to let the microbe population build back up)

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84
Q

What is the speed of fiber fermentation?

A

slower, fibers are harder to break down (chew, metabolize, lignin)

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85
Q

Where are fibers broken down if they escape the RRO?

A

fermented in the large intestine

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86
Q

What microbes and enzyme(s) break down fibers?

A
  • fibrolytic
  • cellulose
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87
Q

What microbes and enzymes break down sugars and starches?

A
  • amyolytic
  • amylase, sucrase, lactase
    (can be used WITHOUT microbes)
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88
Q

What is the speed of starch/sugar fermentation?

A

faster, VFAs are produced rapidly

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89
Q

What is sub acute acidosis?

A

an animal has very low ph, caused by feeding too many starches/sugars

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90
Q

Where are starches/sugars digested if they bypass RRO?

A

small intestine and absorbed
(does not happen often)

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91
Q

What lipids do microbes hydrolyze?

A

triglycerides and phospholipids (to yield glycerol and FA)

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92
Q

What is yielded when microbes break down lipids?

A

fatty acids and glycerol (12-20 chained)

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93
Q

What is the product of fermenting a glycerol backbone from a triglyceride?

A

VFA

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94
Q

Can microbes break down fatty acids?

A

NO

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95
Q

3 things microbes can do to a fatty acid:

A
  • biohydrogenate
  • isomerize
  • incorporated into the microbe (growth and reproduction)
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96
Q

define biohydrogenation

A

fats are saturated
(hydrogens are added changing all double bonds to single bonds)

97
Q

define isomerize

A

changing the location of the double bonds

98
Q

What are proteins?

A

strings of amino acids that fold

99
Q

What enzymes to microbes use to break down proteins?

A
  • proteases and peptidases
  • deaminase
100
Q

function of proteases and peptidases

A

enzymes that release AA and peptides

101
Q

function of deaminase

A

enzyme that pulls off ammonia (NH3), leaving the rest of the amino acid (c-skeleton)

102
Q

3 different groups of microbe likes:

A
  1. AA, small peptides
  2. NH3, (make AA themselves)
  3. AA and NH3
103
Q

What determines what a microbe likes?

A

dependent on what enzymes they have

104
Q

define “microbe commune”

A

microbes work together, not every microbe is doing every job and every process, they share

105
Q

3 things microbes do to amino acids

A
  1. microbial protein synthesis (MCP) – (priority)
  2. catabolized (deaminated)
  3. reamination/AA synthesis
106
Q

define microbial protein synthesis

A

microbes change the AA to what they need
–> priority because it is used for growth and reproduction
- make microbial crude protein (MCP)

107
Q

define deaminated

A

remove NH3 and leave c-skeleton
- NH3 used for AA synthesis
- c-skeleton is fermented

108
Q

define reamination/AA synthesis

A

take NH3, add c-skeleton to produce an AA

109
Q

What are deamination and reamination used for?

A

changing the AA profile
1. change AA profile to what they want/need
2. make AA from scratch

110
Q

Can animals synthesize amino acids?

A

NO

111
Q

Why is it useful that microbes can change the AA profile?

A

microbes can make AA profiles that are more similar to the animal making them more useful
–> turning urea and NPN to useless to useful

112
Q

Where are proteins digested if they escape the rumen?

A

digested and absorbed in the small intestine

113
Q

define NPN

A

Non-protein Nitrogen
–> something that is no an AA

114
Q

What is the only part of a protein that is being fermented?

A

c-skeleton

115
Q

define MCP

A

Microbial Crude Protein
–> animals can use MCP and absorb it as a protein (HCl kills the microbe and pepsin breaks it down and digests it, yield is more similar to an animal profile)

116
Q

define bypass

A

if a feed particle escapes the RRO

117
Q

What determines if a feed particle gets fermented or not (in the RRO)?

A
  1. microbes are unable to degrade the particle
  2. microbes don’t have enough time to degrade the particle
118
Q

What are some reasons microbes may be unable to degrade a particle?

A
  • don’t have the enzyme
  • extra protection on the feed particle
119
Q

define a rumen protected feedstuff

A

humans were able to change the nutrient to protect it from the microbes so that the animal gets the nutrients from it

120
Q

What are we feeding rumen microbes?

A
  • soluble carbs –> ATP
  • RDP (ruminally degradable protein) –> AA + NH3
  • NPN (non-protein nitrogen) –> NH3
  • fatty acids –> grow and reproduce
121
Q

What are we feeding the ruminant (abomasum and small intestine)?

A
  • leftover feed
  • microbes
  • microbial products (VFAs)
122
Q

What “leftover feed” is the ruminant fed?

A
  • any starch or sugar that escapes the rumen
  • RUP (ruminally undegradable proteins)
  • lipids –> modified by microbes
123
Q

define RDP

A

Ruminally Digested Protein
–> microbes can digest it

124
Q

define RUP

A

Ruminally Undegradable Proteins
–> microbes cannot use/break down

125
Q

What nutrients does the ruminant get from digesting the microbes themselves?

A
  • MCP (microbial crude protein –> 80% CP)
  • lipids
  • VFAs
  • NH3
126
Q

Why do ruminants have a low blood glucose?

A

they rely on VFAs as an energy source
–> (VFAs make glucose)

127
Q

What is a nutrient requirement according to the NRC/NASEM?

A

average for a group of similar animals based on physiological state

128
Q

What is a nutrient requirement measured in?

A

amount/day
- kcal ME/d
- lb CP/d

129
Q

Can an energy requirement be a percent?

A

NEVER use % or other concentration (mcal/kg)

130
Q

For a population of animals, if they require less nutrients are they more or less efficient?

A

MORE efficient

131
Q

For a population of animals, if they require more nutrients are they more or less efficient?

A

LESS efficient

132
Q

Why do we feed the mean requirements to a population of animals?

A

average requirements will get you close to good efficiency

133
Q

What does “individual differences in efficiency of nutrient nutrient utilization” mean?

A

all animals are unique in how they use nutrients

134
Q

What affects overall nutrient requirement?

A

species, breed, sex, age, BW, physiological state, genetics, physical work, other production, body composition, health, previous nutrition, season, environment, individual differences

135
Q

define deficiency

A

where there is too little of the nutrient/energy consumed and it results in lower animal performance

136
Q

What are some effects of deficiency?

A
  • lose weight
  • slower growth and production
  • negative physiological consequence (vitamin and mineral deficiency)
137
Q

For what nutrients can you be deficient?

A

ALL nutrients

138
Q

define toxicity

A

caused by too much nutrients/energy consumed causing a decrease in animal performance

139
Q

What are some effects of toxicity?

A
  • low growth and production
  • decrease body weight (less likely)
  • negative physiological consequence (copper or selenium toxicity)
140
Q

What nutrients can be toxic?

A

NOT ALL nutrients (but many)
- difficult to get toxicity from micronutrients
- water soluble vitamins are easily removed through urine

141
Q

If an animal is deficient, and you give it slightly more of the nutrient it is deficient in, would it be a greater increase or minimal increase in performance?

A

greater increase in performance

142
Q

If an animal is in optimal performance range of nutrient input, and you give it slightly more of an input, would it be a greater increase or minimal increase in performance?

A

minimal increase in performance

143
Q

define excess in nutrition

A

there is no change in performance, but nothing bad is happening to the animal

144
Q

Why are livestock sometimes fed excess nutrients?

A
  • intake for nutrient variation
  • ingredients may be low in cost, high in nutrients
  • ensure performance
145
Q

What are some issues with excess?

A
  • not as efficient (greater input, no change in output)
  • close to toxicity amounts
146
Q

What does NRC stand for?

A

National Research Council

147
Q

What does NASEM stand for?

A

National Academy of Science, Engineering, and Math

148
Q

What does the NRC and NASEM do?

A

they are a committee of scientists that author publications and define nutrient requirements based on research

149
Q

How often do they publish nutrient requirements per species?

A

every 10-20 years

150
Q

Why are nutrient requirements for poultry and swine not published as often?

A

often, poultry and swine companies use their own research and nutrient requirements based on the specific genetics their animals have

151
Q

What protein nutrient requirements do we use for ruminants?

A
  • metabolizable protein (MCP and RUP) or CP
    –> protein delivered to small intestine
  • RDP
  • some AA
152
Q

What protein nutrient requirements do we use for swine and poultry?

A
  • AA, meet a certain level of CP
    –> essential AA = LYSINE (most limiting)
153
Q

What protein nutrient requirements do we use for horses?

A
  • CP
  • some AA (lysine)
    (there is less known about horses)
154
Q

What fat nutrient requirements do we use?

A
  • essential FA (some species)
  • otherwise mostly energy
155
Q

What energy (coming from carbs, proteins, and leftover fats) nutrient requirements do we use?

A
  • depends on species and production state
  • NE > ME > DE
156
Q

What vitamin and mineral nutrient requirements do we use?

A
  • Ca and P !!
  • trace and vitamins (location, species, production, etc)
157
Q

Why are Ca and P important in a diet?

A
  • promote growth
  • lactation
  • cell signaling
158
Q

define energy

A

ability to do work

159
Q

What does energy do in our bodies?

A

gives our bodies the ability to perform cellular processes (work)

160
Q

define work (energy)

A

energy transferred from one place to another
(move energy where it is needed)

161
Q

define heat

A

energy transferred from one place to another
(energy given off as heat)

162
Q

What does “making energy” really mean in our bodies?

A

our bodies can make ATP, and energy carrier
(energy cannot be created)

163
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be converted between forms
(all energy goes somewhere)

164
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

the universe tends toward maximum disorder
(easier to degrade than synthesize)

165
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
- the third (or extra) phosphate group gives it the extra energy

166
Q

The conventional energy scheme partitions energy to describe 2 things:

A
  1. feed (how much ATP an animal can get from a feed)
  2. animal (energy requirements)
167
Q

Why is the conventional energy scheme species specific after gross energy?

A

animals have different abilities to digest
ex: cattle get more (ATP) out of fibers than horses than pigs

168
Q

define gross energy (GE)

A

total energy in the feed (bomb calorimetry)

169
Q

define digestible energy (DE)

A

feed “energy” possible for the animal to use (actually digested and absorbed it)

170
Q

define metabolizable energy (ME)

A

energy that an animal can use in further metabolism

171
Q

define net energy (NE)

A

what the animal can use for maintenance and extra product/tissue formation

172
Q

explain fecal energy

A

what cannot be digested and absorbed, the greatest loss in feeds

173
Q

explain gaseous energy

A

gases coming from the animal (CO2) or the microbes in the LI and RRO (CO2 and CH4), biggest waste product, greatest in ruminants

174
Q

explain urinary energy

A

minimal losses

175
Q

explain heat increment of feeding (HIF)

A
  • heat of digestion and absorption
  • heat of fermentation
  • heat of waste product formation and excretion
  • heat of product formation
    (considered a water but have benefits, ruminants have the most heat of fermentation)
176
Q

What is NEm?

A

Net Energy Maintenance
1. basal metabolism
2. minimal voluntary movement
3. thermo-regulation
(no change in body size)

177
Q

How can maintenance energy requirements vary?

A

species, age, BW, breed, sex, physiological state, season/temperature, previous nutrition, current nutrition

178
Q

Are all energy used equally?

A

NO

179
Q

What is energy used efficiently for?

A

maintenance rather than product formation

180
Q

define NEr

A

retained/recovered/product formation
(growing, pregnancy, lactation, work, etc)

181
Q

define what happens when NEm is lower than what the animal needs for maintenance

A

net energy loss
(not eating enough, losing weight) –> energy deficient

182
Q

define maintenance

A

0 retained energy, body stays the same size

183
Q

How do we quantify energy?

A

calories of joules

184
Q

What are some ways we show calories?

A

kcal or mcal

185
Q

calorie vs Calorie

A

calorie times 1000 = kcal or Caloire

186
Q

In what two ways do we measure energy?

A
  1. GE = burn it. subtract GE from loses (feed)
  2. feed an animal different amounts of feedstuffs and measure animal performance and body weight
187
Q

define monosaccharide

A

the monomer to a carbohydrate, a single 5 carbon or 4 carbon structure

188
Q

define disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides bonded together

189
Q

define polysaccharides

A

100-1000s of monosaccharides bonded together

190
Q

How many carbons does a pentose have?

A

5

191
Q

How many carbons does a hexose have?

A

6

192
Q

examples of pentose monosaccharides

A
  • xylose
  • ribose
  • arabinose
193
Q

examples of hexose monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • glalactose
  • fructose
  • mannose
194
Q

Is there a greater quantity of hexoses or pentoses in feedstuffs and foods?

A

hexoses

195
Q

examples of disaccharides

A
  • sucrose
  • maltose
  • cellobiose
  • lactose
196
Q

What monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

197
Q

What monosaccharides make up maltose?

A

glucose + glucose
(by an alpha 1,4 bond)

198
Q

What monosaccharides make up cellobiose?

A

glucose + glucose
(by a beta 1,4 bond)

199
Q

What is the difference between maltose and cellobiose if they are both made of glucose?

A

maltose has an alpha 1,4 bond (starch) and cellobiose has a beta 1,4 bond (fiber)

200
Q

What monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

glucose and galactose

201
Q

Where do sucrose, maltose, and cellobiose come from?

A

PLANTS

202
Q

Where does lactose come from?

A

ANIMALS - milk sugar

203
Q

How do monosaccharides bond?

A

they will lose H2O and connect through the leftover oxygen

204
Q

Where are polysaccharides commonly found?

A

found in high quantities in feedstuffs (in plants)

205
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A
  • starch (amylose and amylopectin)
  • fiber (cellulose)
206
Q

amylose structure

A

300-600 glucose strung together in a long chain without any branching

207
Q

amylopectin structure

A

glucose strung together with branching

208
Q

cellulose structure

A

100-1000s of glucose constructed in a dense and compacted way, used for the structure of plants

209
Q

Why are plants mostly carbs?

A

because they perform photosynthesis (make hexoses)

210
Q

What percentage of plants are CHO?

A

50-80%

211
Q

What percentage of animals are CHO?

A

less than 1% (glycogen)

212
Q

Carbohydrates general formula

A

CnH2nOn

213
Q

What are hexoses used for in plants?

A
  • sucrose = energy transport
  • starch = energy storage (root, seed)
  • cellulose = structure, cell wall
214
Q

What are pentoses used for in plants?

A
  • nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
  • protein
  • lipids
215
Q

CHO functions in plants

A
  • energy transport and use (sugars)
  • energy storage (starch)
  • structure (fiber)
216
Q

CHO function in animals

A
  • energy transport, transfer, and use (blood glucose)
  • energy storage (glycogen)
217
Q

Where is glycogen stored in animal?

A

liver and skeletal muscle

218
Q

Which is more energy dense: glycogen or fat?

A

fat

219
Q

How much of an animals body is glycogen/CHO?

A

less than 1%

220
Q

Where do non-ruminants digest CHO?

A
  • small intestine
  • large intestine (fibers and CHO not digested in SI)
221
Q

Where do ruminants digest CHO?

A
  • 1st –> ruminal fermentation (RRO) (fiber, starch, sugar)
  • THEN –> small and large intestine
222
Q

Where do non-ruminants absorb CHO?

A
  • small intestine (monosaccharides)
  • large intestine (VFAs)
223
Q

Where do ruminants absorb CHO?

A
  • RRO (VFAs)
  • small intestine (monosaccharides)
224
Q

How does blood glucose levels differ between ruminants and non-ruminants?

A

ruminants have lower blood glucose than non-ruminants because they have less glucose absorption in the small intestine. Ruminants get their glucose from VFAs absorbed in the RRO (gluconeogenosis).

225
Q

Why do hindgut fermentors have such a wide range of blood glucose levels?

A

diet dependent
- forage = low blood glucose
- grain = higher blood glucose

226
Q

How do neonatal (baby) ruminants blood glucose levels differ from adult ruminants?

A

babies do not have a functional rumen yet. When they are born, they will have a low bg similar to their mother and then it will increase to a non-ruminant range

227
Q

list the 3 fates of absorbed carbohydrates in order of priority

A
  1. provide energy now
  2. short term energy storage (glycogen)
  3. long term energy storage (adipose)
228
Q

What metabolism is happening in the 1st Fate?

A
  • glycolysis
  • TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle
  • ETC / Electron Transport Chain
229
Q

What is going in and out of glycolysis?

A
  • in: glucose (6 carbons)
  • out: 2 pyruvate (3 carbons each)
230
Q

What is going in and out of the TCA Cycle?

A
  • in: Acetyl-CoA
  • out: reducing equivalents (FADH2 and NADH)
231
Q

What is going in and out of the ETC?

A
  • in: reducing equivalents (FADH2 and NADH)
  • out: ATP (~36)
232
Q

How many steps goes glucose need to go through in the first fate of CHO to get ATP?

A

3
(glycolysis, TCA cycle, and ETC)

233
Q

What metabolism is happening in the 2nd Fate?

A

glycogenesis

234
Q

define glycogenesis

A

making glycogen, for short term energy storage (liver and skeletal muscles)

235
Q

define glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen, using what was stored as glycogen

236
Q

What metabolism is happening in the 3rd Fate?

A

lipogenesis

237
Q

define lipogenesis

A

the production of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA (comes from glycogen)

238
Q

What happens to the energy that is not used in the 1st fate or second fate?

A

whatever energy is not needed gets stored as glycogen or fat, all carbon gets stored that is not used or wasted (CO2 and CH4 = waste)

239
Q

define adipose

A

fat, long term energy storage in the body

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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