Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Why do we care about animal nutrition?
A
-important to health
-efficient production
-products
-money
2
Q
(T/F) Animals are nutrients fueld by nutrients?
A
True
3
Q
Define Nutrition
A
the sum of the processes by which an animal or plant takes in and utilizes food substances
4
Q
4 steps of nutrition:
A
- ingest feed
- digest feed (outside body)
- absorb feed (into blood)
- use nutrients
5
Q
What is “nutrient soup”?
A
Your blood! When nutrients is absorbed it goes into your blood.
6
Q
define feedstuff
A
ingredients, edible material consumed by animals
7
Q
define diet
A
what an animal eats, mix of ingredients consumed by an animal
8
Q
define nutrient
A
chemical substance that provides nourishment to the body
9
Q
Name the 6 Nutrient Classes
A
-water
-protein
-carbohydrates
-fats
-vitamins
-minerals
10
Q
What are the elements that make up nutrition?
A
C, H, O, N, etc.
11
Q
What does organic mean?
A
contains carbon
12
Q
define required nutrient
A
nutrient that is NEEDED in the diet
13
Q
How much of our body is made up of water?
A
70-75%
14
Q
What are the sources of water?
A
-free water (drink)
-water content of feedstuffs
-metabolic water (metabolic reactions)
15
Q
What causes the #1 death in animals?
A
water deficiency
16
Q
Functions of Water
A
-biological solvent and transport (nutrients, O2, waste)
-heat dissipation (sweat)
-dietary source of minerals (electrolytes, Sulfur)
17
Q
Is water required in the diet?
A
YES
18
Q
What elements are carbohydrates made up of?
A
C, H, O
19
Q
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
A
monosaccharide
20
Q
What are the sources of carbohydrates?
A
- feed (main component fed to livestock)
-formed by photosynthesis (plants)
21
Q
What are the types of carbohydrates?
A
-sugars (disaccharide - 2)
-starches (polysaccharide - many)
-fibers (polysaccharide)
22
Q
microbial degradation of fiber
A
we cannot break down fibers, microbes HAVE to break down fibers for us
23
Q
Functions of Carbohydrates
A
-provide energy, heat, energy storage, energy transfer reactions
-provide the building blocks for other nutrients (store carbon as fat)
24
Q
What is short term energy storage?
A
energy is stored by glycogen in the liver and muscle
25
What are energy transfer reactions?
moving around the body in blood to make ATP
26
Why do we need extra fat on our body?
carbon is stored as fat in our body to be used as energy
- fat is a backup for when we cannot eat
27
Are carbohydrates required?
NO --> we can get our energy other places
28
What elements make up Nitrogenous Compounds/Proteins?
C, H, O, N
29
What monomers make up proteins?
amino acids
30
Sources of Protein
-mostly in animal products
-found in seeds
31
Types of proteins
-true protein vs non-protein (AA vs peptide)
- animal vs plant (AA profile)
-lipoproteins and glycoproteins (compound protein)
32
define an essential AA and FA
monomer that must be consumed in the diet because the body cannot make enough, even when it has substrates
33
define non-essential AA and FA
not needed in the diet because we can make it IF we have substrates
34
define substrate
the ingredients used to make AA and FA
35
Protein Functions
-structural (muscle, collagen, hair, etc.)
-metabolic (enzymes, hormones)
-movement (contractile proteins)
-immune functions (antibodies)
PRIMARY PURPOSE: get AA to make proteins
36
What is a low priority protein function?
provides energy
37
Are proteins required?
YES --> we need amino acids
38
What elements make up lipids/fats?
C, H, O
39
What monomers make up lipids?
fatty acids
40
What is so important about lipids that changes the way we digest, absorb, transport, and use them?
insoluble in water
41
sources of lipids
- in animals (fats store C)
- plants have fats (highest in seeds)
42
Types of Lipids
-simple lipids (fats, oils, waxes)
-common lipid
-sterols (steroids)
43
What has the greatest fractions in feedstuffs?
fats and oils --> triglyceride
44
Functions of Lipids
-provide essential fatty acids
-carrier for lipid soluble vitamins (ADEK)
-----> why we need them
ALSO, supplies 2.25 times as much energy than carbs and proteins, constituent of cell membranes, and used for biosignaling
45
Are lipids required?
YES --> essential FA and needed to absorb vitamins
46
Is energy a nutrient?
NO
-you are not storing energy, storing ingredients to make ATP
47
How is energy obtained?
from carbs, fats, and proteins
48
What is short term energy composed of?
glycogen (CHO)
49
What is long term energy composed of?
adipose (fat)
50
What are minerals composed of?
minerals are inorganic elements, from the periodic table
51
Types of Minerals
Macro (need more of them) and Micro (need less of them)
52
What are the functions of minerals?
-co-factors for enzymes and essential metabolic reactions (immunity, repro, etc)
-bone structure
-ph and water balance
53
Are minerals required?
YES --> but not every mineral
54
What are vitamins composed of?
organic compounds
55
Which class of nutrients has the lowest quantity in the diet out of carbs, proteins, fats, and vitamins?
vitamins
56
Types of vitamins
-water soluble (C and B complex)
- fat soluble (A, D, E, K)
57
Functions of Vitamins
different vitamins are used for different reasons
-cofactors for enzymes
- immune function (C)
-hormone regulation (A)
-bone formation (D)
-antioxidant (E, C)
-vision (A)
-blood clotting (K)
58
Are vitamins required?
YES --> variation in what each species needs
59
What are the 4 types of gi tracts?
1. simple monogastric
2. avian
3. hindgut fermentor
4. ruminant
60
What is a batch reactor?
a gi tract that has the same exit and entrance
--> most simple, most simple diet
61
What is a continuous flow stirred-tank reactor?
the gi tract of a ruminant. The feedstuff sits in a compartment for a long time.
62
What is a plug-flow reactor?
the gi tract of a monogastric. Has a continuous input and output ("tube").
63
What animals are monogastrics?
-humans, pigs, dogs, cats (simple)
-poultry (complex foregut)
-horses, rabbits (hindgut fermentors)
64
What animals are pre gastric fermentors?
cattle, sheep (ruminants)
65
What are the three diet types?
-omnivore
-herbivore
-carnivore
66
What is the crop?
in birds, the first stop of feed in the esophagus
67
What are the functions of the crop?
1. storage
2. provide feed for young (milk or regurgitation)
3. immune function
4. fermentation (microbes)
68
What is the proventriculus?
the gastric stomach of a chicken
--> it has less capacity because of the proventriculus and gizzard are continuous
69
What is the gizzard/ventriculus?
is used in the chicken, has ridges and contractions to grind digesta (acid, enzymes and muscle)
--> replacement for teeth
70
What is the main purpose of the gizzard?
decrease particle size to increase digestibility
71
What is the main job of the gi tract?
decrease particle size and increase absorption
72
What makes avian gi tracts different?
-crop: feeding patterns
-gizzard: take place of teeth to grind particles
-low capacity of large intestine in most birds (less hindgut fermentation, less fiber)
73
What is a hindgut fermentor?
fermentation vat is in the hindgut, they have bigger large intestines with increased complexity
74
define ensacculated?
there is more tissue within the hindgut that can stretch and fit more food to increase surface area. (more surface area, more absorption)
75
What is a ruminant?
foregut fermentors (they have a 3 stomach compartments allow fermentation before the stomach)
- fermentation vat in foregut
76
What is in the stomach complex?
rumen, reticulum, and omasum
77
What is the abomasum?
the gastric stomach in a ruminant
78
What part of the hindgut fermentors git has the greatest capacity?
hindgut, large intestine
79
What part of the ruminant git has the greatest capacity?
foregut
80
What part of the monogastric git has the greatest capacity?
all (fore, mid, and hind) are all about equal
81
What is the default git?
pig
82
Why is the connection between volume and git organ?
where there is the highest capacity, there is the longest time spent by digesta
83
Define Fermentation
microbes doing anaerobic metabolism of organic compounds yielding ATP, useful co-products, and nonuselful coproducts
84
What does fermentation yield?
- ATP (microbes make it for themselves)
- useful co-products (VFAs)
- non useful co-products (methane)
85
What organic compounds are fermented?
carbs and c-skeletons of AA
86
How is fiber broken down?
ONLY microbes can break down fibers
87
Fermentation Location of a Ruminant
stomach complex (RRO) and large intestine
88
How important is the stomach complex to ruminant fermentation?
very important!! -- provides 90% of substrates
89
How important is the large intestine to ruminant fermentation?
less important
90
Fermentation Location of a Simple Monogastric
large intestine
91
How important is the large intestine to simple monogastric fermentation?
minimal to moderate, higher importance if the animal is consuming more fiber
92
Fermentation Location of a Avian
large intestine
93
How important is the large intestine to avian fermentation?
minimal (especially poultry)
94
Fermentation Location of Hindgut Fermentors
large intestine
95
How important is the large intestine to hindgut fermentation?
really important is they are consuming forages/fibers
96
Do all gi types ferment in the large intestine?
YES
97
What is the main difference between hindgut fermentors and simple monogastrics?
large fermentation vat is in the hindgut, giving more home to microbes and increases the surface area of the large intestine
98
What affect does fermenting in the large intestine have on hindgut fermentors?
this allows them to consume only forages, grass, hay, etc. (have a high fiber diet)
99
What is similar about horses (hindgut) and cattle (ruminant) git?
they have similar forage diets
100
Horse vs Cattle: digestive tract capacity
Cattle>Horse
101
Horse vs Cattle: passage rate
Cattle
102
Horse vs Cattle: fiber digestibility
Cattle>Horse
103
Horse vs Cattle: fermentation location
horses --> LI
cattle --> stomach complex (microbes get 1st chance)
104
Functions of the Mouth
-food acquisition (teeth, beak, tongue/lips)
-beginning of digestion (mechanical and chemical)
-defense (lumen and saliva)
105
What does it mean if the mouth is doing mechanical digestion?
MOST animals do some chewing or reduce particle size
106
What does it mean if the mouth is doing chemical digestion?
wetting with water, saliva, and salivary enzymes
107
How does the lumen defend the body?
lumen/lining is on the outside of the body, so you have the ability to throw the food back up to protect from unwanted pathogens
108
How does saliva defend the body?
saliva has antimicrobial properties
109
What are molars used for?
grinding
110
What are incisors used for?
biting
111
What are canines used for?
ripping/tearing
112
How are the teeth generally set up an herbivore?
they have incisors that can bite off plants, molars for grinding (helpful for increased fiber/cud chewing)
113
How are the teeth set up in a carnivore?
large canines to rip flesh (lots of tearing, not a lot of chewing)
114
What is special about bird beaks?
species differ in beak structure because the beaks are made for the function the bid needs/what food they eat
(teeth are less important because of the gizzard)
115
How does the tongue help with feed acquisition?
-muscular tongue to grab things
-"selection" --> grabbing the food they want
-taste receptors (decrease bitter, increase sweet/savory)
116
Why would an animal decrease the amount of bitter things they are eating?
the plant compounds may not be good for the animal or toxic
(taste receptors will detect this and they will eat less or spit it out)
117
Why would an animal increase the amount of sweet or savory things they are eating?
- get carbs (sweet)
- amino acids and lipids (savory)
118
What is the importance of Pavlov's dogs?
using his dogs, he proves the salivary glands are controlled by the nervous system
119
What is the cephalic phase?
secretion of saliva occurs before the food enters the stomach while being eaten (controlled by brain)
120
What are the 3 well defined glands?
1. parotid (back)
2. mandibular/submandibular (mandible/jaw)
3. sublingual/buccal (teeth)
121
Functions of Saliva: food/digestion
1. form bolus to help with swallowing
2. taste the food
3. enzymes to help digestion
122
Functions of Saliva: microorganisms
antimicrobial properties in the mouth that defend against pathogens
123
Functions of Saliva: teeth
protect teeth from acids by creating a buffer
124
3 Big Functions of Saliva
1. help with digestion
2. defend against pathogens
3. GIT protects itself
125
What is amylase?
an enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch
126
What is the expression of amylase in livestock?
there is a low amount of amylase in the saliva of livestock
127
What is the esophagus?
a tube that delivers feed from mouth to stomach
128
What is a bolus?
water and mucous help the feed stick together to be swallowed
129
What is the function of the epiglottis?
the esophagus and trachea are very close, so the epiglottis has to close when eating and drinking so that food/water does not go down the trachea
130
What is special about the muscles in the esophagus?
there are muscles going up, down, and around the esophagus so it can contract and different times
131
What is the equivalence to the gastric stomach in the bird named?
proventriculus
132
What is the equivalence to the gastric stomach in the ruminant named?
abomasum
133
What is the cardiac sphincter?
what connects the esophagus to the stomach, allows a person to throw up
134
What is the pyloric sphincter?
what connects the stomach to the small intestine
135
what omental fat?
the fatty tissue on the stomach
136
What are the three gastric secretions?
1. acid (HCl)
2. mucous
3. enzymes
137
What is the purpose of acid in the gastric stomach?
-digestion (denature and break down proteins, can break down other nutrients)
-protection (immune defense, kill microbes)
138
What is the purpose of mucous in the gastric stomach?
protect the lumen from other secretions
139
What is the purpose of enzymes in the gastric stomach?
release pepsin (main, break down proteins) and renin (found in mammals who consume milk, young)
140
What is motility of the stomach?
smooth muscles contract causing stomach movement, mixing the contents
141
What are the two most important secretions of the stomach?
acid and pepsin
142
What is pepsin?
an enzyme (protease), first step of protein digestion, ONLY works on proteins
143
How does the stomach protect itself from pepsin and acid?
1. mucous (adds a protective layer to the lumen)
2. secrete acid as Hydrogen and Chlorine ions to create HCl outside of the cell
3. pepsin is secreted as an inactive enzyme (zymogen)
144
What is a zymogen?
a digestive enzyme that is secreted/released in an inactive form and then activates in the lumen of the gut
145
How is pepsin a zymogen?
secreted as pepsinogen, HCl will break off the inactive part, and is activated a pepsin
146
Why are amylase, sucrase, and lactase not zymogens?
our bodies are not made of carbs, sugars, and starches so there is no need for it
147
What are the lumen-epithelium tissue types?
-normal gastric
-pyloric
-stratified sq. nongrandular
-cardic
148
What is the purpose of normal gastric and pyloric tissues?
protect the lumen (goblet cells), are less likely to get ulcers because the mucous protects them
149
Which tissue types are more likely to get ulcers?
stratified sq. nongrandular and cardiac because they produce less mucous (pig and horse stomachs)
150
Does the git have a high control of what it secretes into the stomach?
YES (nervous system and endocrine control)
151
What are the three phases of of gastric secretion control?
-cephalic phase (before eating)
-gastric phase (food in the stomach)
-intestinal phase (digesta in small intestine)
152
What does distention mean?
the stomach is full
153
What do the receptors in the gastric phase and intestinal phase sense?
they can sense the nutrients and how full the stomach is (distention)
154
What are the 4 major roles of the small intestine?
1. terminal digestion
2. ONLY absorption of AA, FA, monossacharides (vitamins and minerals)
3. defense against pathogens (barrier function and immune function)
4. move digesta along - motility
155
What is barrier function?
cells are held tight/closely together so that pathogens cannot enter
156
How does the small intestine have immune function?
It has mucosal immunity and lymph nodes
157
What is another role the small intestine has?
it adapts to changes in the diet and physiological state
158
How does the small intestine adapt to a change in diet?
it adapts to a change in the type of food and the amount that the animal is eating
--> less intake, the smaller the SI will be
159
Why does the small intestine shrink when there is a lesser intake of food?
the SI uses a lot of nutrients, so if there is less intake of food/ less nutrients provided, it will shrink so that it will not over use nutrients
160
Is the small intestine organized?
it is HIGHLY organized!!
- needs to stay tight to keep from twisting
- need to fit a lot in the SI
161
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
162
Where does the small intestine start and stop?
the stomach connects to the duodenum at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the cecum
163
What are vili?
increases the surface area of the tissue to allow an increase of absorptive capacity
164
What are enterocytes?
the absorptive cell on the vili
165
What are crypts?
stem cells that are proliferating (increasing the number of cells)
166
Why does the small intestine need stem cells?
the small intestine is constantly making new cells because the epithelium (lumen) has to replace itself (about every 2-3 days)
167
What are accessory organs of the small intestine?
pancreas, liver, and gall bladder
168
What gets digested in the small intestine?
major digestion of carbs, proteins, and fats
169
What enzymes are released from the pancreas (pancreatic ducts)?
protease, amylase, and lipase
170
What enzymes are released from the small intestine?
peptidases and disaccridases
171
Where does bile come from and stored?
made by the liver, stored in the gall bladder
172
What is the purpose of bile?
the emulsify fat (make it so that fat and water can be together)
173
Where is the main site of nutrient absorption in the gi tract?
the small intestine
174
What are nutrient transporters?
proteins that move nutrients, from the lumen into the blood of the small intestine
175
What types of transport does nutrient transporters use?
facilitated diffusion and active transport
176
Does active transport require ATP?
YES
177
Where are the nutrient transporters found in the small intestine?
within endocytes
