Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
plesiomorphic character
ancestral trait that all future generations still have (and started with)
Apomorphic character
Derived; some generations have this character because came later (not from ancestor)
Synapomorphic
derived but shared traits (two species have the same trait but no from a common ancestor)
Autapomorphic
derived trait but unique to only that species
homologous features
one trait that is shared by all species due to the same path
analogous species
one trait that make multiple appearances (but not all species has it)
parsimonious
easiest tree to follow is the correct one
ingroup
traits that are on the ‘main branch’ of a phylogeny
outgroup
traits one the branches on a phylogeny
seeds
protect and nourish an embryo
vascular tissue
xylem and phloem: move nutrients and water around more effectively (many w roots)
Bryophytes
seedless and nonvascular; ex: moss and liverwort
Tracheophytes
lignin in cell wall, xylem and phloem, grow larger, drier environments; two groups: Lycophytes and Monilophytes; ex: ferns (Monilophyte)
Spermatophytes
seed plants; xylem and phloem; two types: gymnosperm and angiosperm
Taxa without fruit (seed plants)
Confierophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkophyta, and Gnetophyta
Angiopsperm two groups
monocot and dicot
Domain Bacteria characteristic
cell wall of peptidoglycan
Three basic bacteria shapes
cocci, bacillus, spirillum
Cocci
circle
Bacili
Rod
Spirilli
Sprial
Cyanobacteria
can photosynthesize; call heterocyst: focus on nitrogen fixation
Akinetes
spore-form cells have thick cell wall to protect from harsh environments
Examples of cyanobacteria
Cylindrosperum
Archaea main characteristics
lack peptidoglycan, have histones and introns in DNA code, inhabit ‘extreme’ environments, branching hydrocarbons in their cell membrane
Eukarya domain characteristics
have a true nucleus,
Paramecium
has cilia
Amoeba
pseudopod
Euglena
flagellum
Eukarya supergroups
Archaeplastida, Unikonta (Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta), the SAR clade (Rhizaria and Chromalveolata), and Exacavata
Unikonta includes which two groups
Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta
Amoebozoa distinct feature
lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia (used to move)
What is included in the SAR supergroup?
Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians
Stramenopiles distinct feature
two flagella on each cells (one smooth one hairy)
Stremnopile examples
Diatoms and Achyla
Alveolates distinct feature
membrane enclosed sac (alveolus)
Alveolate example
Blepharisma (ciliate), ,Stentor(ciliate), Peridinium (dinoflagellate), Plasmodium ( an apicomplexan)
Rhizarians distinct feature
tests (shells) made of calcium carbonate, and thin pseudopodia (threadlike that stick out from test)
Rhizarians example
faraminiferans, and radiolarians
Extracavata distinct feature
feeding grove in one side; Euglenozoa
Euglenozoea example and info
mixotrophic; euglena
Archaeplastida inludes
Chlorophytes and Charophytes
Chlorphytes
phlorophyll a and b and cholorplast, cell wall with cellulose and store starch
Chlorophyte examples
Chlamydomonas and volvox
Charophyte
cloests to land platns; common in wet habitatas
Charophyte example
Spirogyra
Excavata group:
Euglenozoa
