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Biol 112 > Ch 27 & 33 & 28 exam 3 > Flashcards

Ch 27 & 33 & 28 exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the closest living relative of animals?

A

Choanoflagellates

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2
Q

What is the first branch off animals

A

sponges

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3
Q

most animals have:

A

differentiated cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

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4
Q

what two germ layers form first and which forms later?

A

endoderm and ectoderm form first
mesoderm forms later

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5
Q

Hox genes function:

A

determine body plan, segmentation, number placement of appendages ect. (develop during embroynic devleopment

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6
Q

Radial symmetry

A

body parts around central axis
usually sessile or planktonic

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7
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

two axes of orientation: front to back and top to bottom
usual w head

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8
Q

cephalization

A

concentration of sense organs usually at anterior end of body (for bilateral symm)

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9
Q

Diploblastic

A

TWO germ layers

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10
Q

ectoderm

A

two germ layers: gives rise to outer covering and nerves

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11
Q

endoderm

A

2 germ layers: digestive tract; internal organs, lungs

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12
Q

triploblastic

A

3 germ layers

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13
Q

mesoderm

A

3 germ layer: muscle bone, blood, develops between ectoderm and endoderm

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14
Q

Coelom

A

body cavity: fluid-filled space between body wall and gut (digestive tract)
-formed from tissue from mesoderm

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15
Q

Two development patterns:

A

protostomes and deuterostomes

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16
Q

Protostomes development:

A

-coelom forms from splits int he mesoderm, the MOUTH forms from the blastopore
-spiral and DETERMINANT

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17
Q

Deuterostome development:

A

-coelom forms from mesodermal outpocketings of the archenteron, the mouth forms from a secondary opening, the ANUS develops at the sit of blastopore
-radial and INDETERMINATE

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18
Q

Three major clades in order from top to bottom

A

Deuterostomia
Lophotrochozoa
Ecdysozoa

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19
Q

4 Distinct periods of animal evolution

A

-neoproterozoic era
-palezoic era
-mesozoic era
-cenozoic era

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20
Q

Endothermic

A

animals generate heat by metabolism
-birds and mammals

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21
Q

Ectothermic

A

animals gain heat from external sources
-invertebrates, fish, amphibians

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22
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

average amount of energy used by an organism in a nonactive state
smaller animals take more energy

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23
Q

Torpor

A

physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases

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24
Q

Hibernations

A

long term torpor that is an adaptation to winter and food scarcity

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25
Q

“Summer torpor”

A

estivation: enables survival of high temps and scarce water

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26
Q

acclimatization

A

homeostasis adjusting to changes in external environment

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27
Q

Thermoregulatory controled by

A

hypothalamus

28
Q

Heat exchange by :

A

radiation
convection
conduction
evaporation

29
Q

Heat regulation in animals uses what system?

A

integumentary system (sweat glands)

30
Q

Five adaptations to help animals thermoregulate:

A

insulation
circulatory adaptations
cooling by evaporative heat loss
behavioral responses
adjusting metabolic heat production

31
Q

4 types of tissues:

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

32
Q

single epithelial tissue layer

A

simple

33
Q

multiple epithelial tissue layers

A

stratified

34
Q

connective tissues are made of ____ cells

A

fibroblasts

35
Q

loose/areolar connective tissue: cells, fibers, location

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils
collagen, elastic, reticular
around blood vessels, anchors epithelia

36
Q

dense, fibrous connective tissue: cells, fibers, location

A

fibroblasts, macrophages
mostly collagen
irregular: skin; regular: tendons, ligaments

37
Q

cartilage: cells, fibers, location

A

chondrocytes, chondroblasts
hyaline: few: collagen fibrocartilage: large amount of collagen

38
Q

bone: cells, fibers, location

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteroclasts
some: collagen, elastic
vertebrate skeletons

39
Q

adipose: cells, fibers, location

A

adipocytes
few
adipose (flat)

40
Q

blood: cells, fibers, location

A

red blood cells, white blood cells
none
blood

41
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

42
Q

skeletal: control, striations, location

A

yes
yes
skeletal muscles

43
Q

smooth: control, striations, location

A

no
no
visceral organs

44
Q

cardiac: control, striations, location

A

no
yes
heart

45
Q

main cell of nervous system

A

nerons

46
Q

Dendrite in Neuron

A

projections from the cell body; receive input

47
Q

astrocyte in neuron

A

regulate the chemical environment

48
Q

oligodendrocyte in neuron

A

insulate the axon so the electrical nerve impulse is transferred more efficiently

49
Q

axon terminals in neuron

A

ending of axons through which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells

50
Q

Porifera characteristics

A

sponges
aquatic
sessile
no tissues or cephalization

51
Q

pinacocyte:

A

sponge cell: forms the outer covering of the sponge: phagocytize large food

52
Q

oocyte

A

egg cell: sponge

53
Q

choanocyte:

A

sponge; generates water current and filters food particles from water

54
Q

sclerocyte:

A

sponge; secretes silica spicules

55
Q

amoebocyte

A

sponge: delivers nutrients to cells, and differentiates into other cell types

56
Q

porocyte:

A

sponge; control water through ostia

57
Q

lophocyte or collenocyte

A

secretes collagen

58
Q

Four types under amoebocyte

A

Spongocyte
Lophocyte
Collenoctye
Sclerocyte

59
Q

Osculum

A

opening at tope of sponge

60
Q

Ostia

A

separation/gap between cell parts

61
Q

Mesohyl

A

cell part (cell that forms cell) gaps between are ostia

62
Q

Spongocoel

A

the inside of cell body

63
Q

Sponge body supported by

A

hard spicules and protein fibers (spongin)

64
Q

Sponge repro asexually

A

fragmentation or budding

65
Q

Sponge repro sexually

A

hermaphroditic (M/F at different times)
no gonads
flagellated larvae

66
Q

Gametes form in ______ of sponge

A

mesohyl

Biol 112 (7 decks)

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