Ch 27 & 33 & 28 exam 3

Question 1

What is the closest living relative of animals?

Answer 1

Choanoflagellates

Question 2

What is the first branch off animals

Answer 2

sponges

Question 3

most animals have:

Answer 3

differentiated cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Question 4

what two germ layers form first and which forms later?

Answer 4

endoderm and ectoderm form first
mesoderm forms later

Question 5

Hox genes function:

Answer 5

determine body plan, segmentation, number placement of appendages ect. (develop during embroynic devleopment

Question 6

Radial symmetry

Answer 6

body parts around central axis
usually sessile or planktonic

Question 7

Bilateral symmetry

Answer 7

two axes of orientation: front to back and top to bottom
usual w head

Question 8

cephalization

Answer 8

concentration of sense organs usually at anterior end of body (for bilateral symm)

Question 9

Diploblastic

Answer 9

TWO germ layers

Question 10

ectoderm

Answer 10

two germ layers: gives rise to outer covering and nerves

Question 11

endoderm

Answer 11

2 germ layers: digestive tract; internal organs, lungs

Question 12

triploblastic

Answer 12

3 germ layers

Question 13

mesoderm

Answer 13

3 germ layer: muscle bone, blood, develops between ectoderm and endoderm

Question 14

Coelom

Answer 14

body cavity: fluid-filled space between body wall and gut (digestive tract)
-formed from tissue from mesoderm

Question 15

Two development patterns:

Answer 15

protostomes and deuterostomes

Question 16

Protostomes development:

Answer 16

-coelom forms from splits int he mesoderm, the MOUTH forms from the blastopore
-spiral and DETERMINANT

Question 17

Deuterostome development:

Answer 17

-coelom forms from mesodermal outpocketings of the archenteron, the mouth forms from a secondary opening, the ANUS develops at the sit of blastopore
-radial and INDETERMINATE

Question 18

Three major clades in order from top to bottom

Answer 18

Deuterostomia
Lophotrochozoa
Ecdysozoa

Question 19

4 Distinct periods of animal evolution

Answer 19

-neoproterozoic era
-palezoic era
-mesozoic era
-cenozoic era

Question 20

Endothermic

Answer 20

animals generate heat by metabolism
-birds and mammals

Question 21

Ectothermic

Answer 21

animals gain heat from external sources
-invertebrates, fish, amphibians

Question 22

basal metabolic rate

Answer 22

average amount of energy used by an organism in a nonactive state
smaller animals take more energy

Question 23

Torpor

Answer 23

physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases

Question 24

Hibernations

Answer 24

long term torpor that is an adaptation to winter and food scarcity

Question 25

"Summer torpor"

Answer 25

estivation: enables survival of high temps and scarce water

Question 26

acclimatization

Answer 26

homeostasis adjusting to changes in external environment

Question 27

Thermoregulatory controled by

Answer 27

hypothalamus

Question 28

Heat exchange by :

Answer 28

radiation convection conduction evaporation

Question 29

Heat regulation in animals uses what system?

Answer 29

integumentary system (sweat glands)

Question 30

Five adaptations to help animals thermoregulate:

Answer 30

insulation circulatory adaptations cooling by evaporative heat loss behavioral responses adjusting metabolic heat production

Question 31

4 types of tissues:

Answer 31

epithelial connective muscle nervous

Question 32

single epithelial tissue layer

Answer 32

simple

Question 33

multiple epithelial tissue layers

Answer 33

stratified

Question 34

connective tissues are made of ____ cells

Answer 34

fibroblasts

Question 35

loose/areolar connective tissue: cells, fibers, location

Answer 35

fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils collagen, elastic, reticular around blood vessels, anchors epithelia

Question 36

dense, fibrous connective tissue: cells, fibers, location

Answer 36

fibroblasts, macrophages mostly collagen irregular: skin; regular: tendons, ligaments

Question 37

cartilage: cells, fibers, location

Answer 37

chondrocytes, chondroblasts hyaline: few: collagen fibrocartilage: large amount of collagen

Question 38

bone: cells, fibers, location

Answer 38

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteroclasts some: collagen, elastic vertebrate skeletons

Question 39

adipose: cells, fibers, location

Answer 39

adipocytes few adipose (flat)

Question 40

blood: cells, fibers, location

Answer 40

red blood cells, white blood cells none blood

Question 41

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 41

skeletal smooth cardiac

Question 42

skeletal: control, striations, location

Answer 42

yes yes skeletal muscles

Question 43

smooth: control, striations, location

Answer 43

no no visceral organs

Question 44

cardiac: control, striations, location

Answer 44

no yes heart

Question 45

main cell of nervous system

Answer 45

nerons

Question 46

Dendrite in Neuron

Answer 46

projections from the cell body; receive input

Question 47

astrocyte in neuron

Answer 47

regulate the chemical environment

Question 48

oligodendrocyte in neuron

Answer 48

insulate the axon so the electrical nerve impulse is transferred more efficiently

Question 49

axon terminals in neuron

Answer 49

ending of axons through which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells

Question 50

Porifera characteristics

Answer 50

sponges aquatic sessile no tissues or cephalization

Question 51

pinacocyte:

Answer 51

sponge cell: forms the outer covering of the sponge: phagocytize large food

Question 52

oocyte

Answer 52

egg cell: sponge

Question 53

choanocyte:

Answer 53

sponge; generates water current and filters food particles from water

Question 54

sclerocyte:

Answer 54

sponge; secretes silica spicules

Question 55

amoebocyte

Answer 55

sponge: delivers nutrients to cells, and differentiates into other cell types

Question 56

porocyte:

Answer 56

sponge; control water through ostia

Question 57

lophocyte or collenocyte

Answer 57

secretes collagen

Question 58

Four types under amoebocyte

Answer 58

Spongocyte Lophocyte Collenoctye Sclerocyte

Question 59

Osculum

Answer 59

opening at tope of sponge

Question 60

Ostia

Answer 60

separation/gap between cell parts

Question 61

Mesohyl

Answer 61

cell part (cell that forms cell) gaps between are ostia

Question 62

Spongocoel

Answer 62

the inside of cell body

Question 63

Sponge body supported by

Answer 63

hard spicules and protein fibers (spongin)

Question 64

Sponge repro asexually

Answer 64

fragmentation or budding

Question 65

Sponge repro sexually

Answer 65

hermaphroditic (M/F at different times) no gonads flagellated larvae

Question 66

Gametes form in ______ of sponge

Answer 66

mesohyl