Lab 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood plasma composed of?

A
  • 90% water

- dissolved substances: glucose, ions, proteins, and hormones

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2
Q

What are the formed elements of the blood?

A
  • platelets
  • RBCs
  • WBCs (leukocytes)
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3
Q

What do the features of the RBC allow it to do?

A
  • small (7um in diameter-slightly larger than capillary diameter)
  • biconcave cells with strong flexible membranes
  • this allows RBCs to pass through the microcirculation and provide greater SA for the diffusion of gas molecules
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4
Q

What are the 5 types of circulating WBCs?

A
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
  • can be classified as granular or agranular
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5
Q

How many new erythrocytes are produced each day?

A
  • 10^12 via erythropoiesis
  • 120 day life span
  • travel 480km during that time
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6
Q

What can be indicated by immature neutrophils in the blood?

A

-disorder in the bone marrow such as leukemia

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7
Q

Describe the granule and nucleus type of: RBC, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte

A

RBC: no granules, no nucleus
Eosinophil: acidophilic specific granules (red), bilobular nucleus
Basophils: basophilic specific granules (blue), single spherical nucleus
Neutrophil: granules present (neutral staining), multilobular nucleus (2-5 lobes)
Monocyte: no granules, kidney shaped nucleus
Leukocyte: no granules, single spherical nucleus

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8
Q

What triggers RBC production?

A

Hypoxia which can result from:

  • CV condition that limits blood flow to tissue (eg. stenosis in atherosclerosis)
  • reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood (eg. anemia)
  • too little oxygen enters blood (increase in altitude)
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9
Q

What is the most abundant leukocyte in the blood? What are the functions of the leukocytes?

A
  • neutrophils

- phagocytosis, mediate immune responses, mediate inflammatory responses

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10
Q

What is hemolysis?

A
  • plasma membrane of RBC is broken and hemoglobin leaks out

- can happen because of old age, trauma, and changes in osmotic pressure

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11
Q

What is crenation?

A

-formation of abnormal notching around the edge of an erythrocyte when it shrinks after suspension in a hypertonic solution

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12
Q

Why are patients rehydrated with 0.9% saline rather than water?

A
  • to maintain blood tonicity
  • hemolysis occurs if solution is hypotonic to RBCs
  • crenation occurs is solution is hypertonic to RBCs
  • hypotonic has less solute concentration than cytosol of RBC therefore water moves into the cell faster than it leaves; RBCs swells and bursts
  • pure water is hypotonic to RBCs and can cause rapid hemolysis (can be used to treat dehydrated patient)
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13
Q

What is tonicity?

A
  • effect of an extracellular solution on the volume of a cell
  • determined by the relative concentration of non-penetrating solute molecules
  • isotonic solution has same concentration as intracellular fluid (eg. 0.9% NaCl and 5% glucose)
  • hypotonic has lower concentration and hypertonic has higher concentration
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14
Q

What is hematocrit?

A
  • the percentage of red blood cells in the whole blood which have been packed by centrifugation for a fixed period of time
  • volume of packed cells per 100mL of blood is the hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV)
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15
Q

How can hemolysis occur in a blood transfusion?

A
  • incompatible blood transfusion causes agglutination reaction
  • antibodies in plasma bind to donor RBCs
  • RBCs become cross linked when Ag-Ab complexes form
  • activate complement which makes plasma membrane of donated RBC leaky causing hemolysis
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