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Biology 1020 Lab > Lab 7 - Fungi > Flashcards

Lab 7 - Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

fungi have cell walls of

A

chitin

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2
Q

are fungi motile or non-motile

A

non-motile

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3
Q

how do fungi obtain nutrients

A

absorptive heterotrophs

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4
Q

hypha is a

A

long, branching, filamentous structure

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5
Q

types of hypha

A
  1. aseptate
  2. coenocytic
  3. septate
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6
Q

aseptate structure

A

has no cross walls

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7
Q

coenocytic structure

A

continuous mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei

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8
Q

septate structure

A

has cross walls present

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9
Q

A

A

Septate hypha

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10
Q

B

A

Coenocytic

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11
Q

what grows underground

A

the mycelium

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12
Q

mycelium

A

a mass of hyphae

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13
Q

what grows above ground

A

fruiting bodies

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14
Q

what are the reproductive structures

A

fruiting bodies

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15
Q

1

A

hyphae

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16
Q

2

A

reproductive structure (fruiting body)

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17
Q

3

A

mycelium

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18
Q

roles of fungi

A
  1. foods
  2. medicine
  3. alcohol
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19
Q

fungi are ______

A

decomposers

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20
Q

true or false
fungi form symbioses with other organisms

A

true (lichen and mycorrhizae)

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21
Q

can fungi be parasitic

A

yes

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22
Q

fungi undergo ______ meiosis

A

zygotic

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23
Q

fertilization becomes

A
  1. plasmogamy
  2. karyogamy
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24
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of cytoplasm

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25
Q

karyogamy

A

fusion of nuclei

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26
Q

plasmogamy or karyogamy
2n

A

karyogamy

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27
Q

plasmogamy or karyogamy
n+n

A

plasmogamy

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28
Q

spores make _____ by _____

A

multicellular haploid individual by mitosis

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29
Q

the multicellular haploid individual makes ____ by ____

A

gametes by mitosis

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30
Q

gametes make _____ by _____

A

diploid zygote by syngamy

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31
Q

zygote makes_____ by _____

A

spores by meiosis

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32
Q

only diploid stage in zygotic meiosis

A

zygote

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33
Q

asexual life cycle is _____

A

haploid (no meiosis)

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34
Q

what makes up the stages in the asexual life cycle

A
  1. spores undergo germination to make mycelium
  2. mycelium makes spore-producing structures
  3. spore-producing structures make spores
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35
Q

stages in the sexual life cycle

A
  1. some of the mycelia undergoes plasmogamy
  2. plasmogamy results in either a heterokaryotic or dikaryotic stage
  3. following that is karyogamy
  4. karyogamy makes a diploid zygote
  5. zygote undergoes meiosis to form spore-producing structures
  6. spore-producing structures make spores which germinate into mycelium
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36
Q

the phyla are named based on their

A

reproductive structures

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37
Q

Zygomycota unique structure

A

zygosporangium

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38
Q

Ascomycota unique structure

A

ascocarp

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39
Q

Basidiomycota unique structure

A

basidiocarp

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40
Q

what phyla does this life cycle represent

A

Basidiomycota

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41
Q

what phyla does this life cycle represent

A

Ascomycota

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42
Q

what phyla does this life cycle represent

A

Zygomycota

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43
Q

what phyla does this represent

A

zygosporangium - Zygomycota

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44
Q

what ascocarp is this shape

A

cleistothecium

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45
Q

what ascocarp is this shape

A

perithecium

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46
Q

what ascocarp is this shape

A

Apothecium

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47
Q

each ascus has _____ ascospores

A

8

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48
Q

lichen

A

symbiotic relationship between an ascomycete or basidiomycete and a green algae

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49
Q

three lichen growth forms

A
  1. crustose
  2. foliose
  3. fruticose
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50
Q

what lichen grow form is this

A

fruticose

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51
Q

what lichen grow form is this

A

foliose

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52
Q

what lichen grow form is this

A

crustose

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53
Q

what defines crustose lichen

A

thin
flat crust

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54
Q

what defines foliose lichen

A

flat and leafy
distinct upper and lower surface

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55
Q

what defines fruticose lichen

A

distinct strands with hair-like or shrub-like growth

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56
Q

NAME : PHYLUM:

A

Rhizopus Stolonifer (Black bread mould) : Phylum Zygomycota

57
Q

where do Phylum Zygomycota live

A

in soil or on decaying plant or animal material

58
Q

Phylum Zygomycota have ____ hyphae

A

aspartate (coenocytic)

59
Q

what reproduction is very common in Phylum Zygomycota

A

asexual

60
Q

when does sexual reproduction occur in Phylum Zygomycota

A

if conditions become UNFAVOURABLE for growth

61
Q

how does a zygosporangium form in Phylum Zygomycota

A

gametangia from two different mating strains fuse

62
Q

how can zygosporangia be described

A

thick-walled and resistant

63
Q

examples of Phylum Ascomycota

A
  1. small unicellular yeasts
  2. cup fungi
  3. truffles
64
Q

Phylum Ascomycota have _____ hyphae

A

septate

65
Q

true or false
Phylum Ascomycota and Phylum Basidiomycota have perforated septate hyphae

A

true - the cytoplasm and nuclei are still able to move freely through the hyphae

66
Q

how does asexual reproduction happen in Phylum Ascomycota

A

via production of naked spores called conidia or by budding

67
Q

what is the defining feature of the Phylum Ascomycota (along with all other fungal phyla)

A

sexual structures

68
Q

what phyla is yeast

A

Phylum Ascomycota

69
Q

what phyla is Penicillium

A

Phylum Ascomycota

70
Q

how does Penicillium reproduce asexually

A

by conidia

71
Q

conidia

A

spores that bud off of hyphae-like conidiophores

72
Q

what does sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota involve

A

the formation of saclike structures (ascus) within which haploid ascospores are produced following meiosis

73
Q

how are the ascospores held together in the ascus

A

a mitotic division IMMEDIATELY follows meiosis which results in the spores being held together

74
Q

how are asci formed

A

in a complex structure called an ascocarp

75
Q

what do the asci usually develop as

A

a layer inside the ascocarp

76
Q

why are ascocarps located on the outer edge of the plant stem of Erysisphe

A

adaption for spore dispersal by air currents

77
Q

what kind of ascocarp does Sordaria have

A

a perithecium

78
Q

what kind of ascocarp does Peziza have

A

apothecium

79
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota includes

A
  1. puffballs
  2. mushrooms
  3. bracket fungi
  4. rusts and smuts
80
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota have ____ hyphae

A

septate

81
Q

what surrounds the septate hyphae in Phylum Basidiomycota

A

bracket-like structures

82
Q

how do Phylum Basidiomycota differ from other fungi

A

most reproduction is sexual

83
Q

what does meiosis result in Phylum Basidiomycota

A

production of basidiospores

84
Q

what are basidiospores born from

A

club-shaped structure called a basidium (plura - basidia)

85
Q

where are basidia located

A

on or in a basidiocarp

86
Q

what are examples of basidiocarps

A
  1. puffballs
  2. mushrooms
  3. bracket fungi
87
Q

gill fungus in Phylum Basidiomycota

A

the extensive network of mycelium that grows undergound before producing a mushroom

88
Q

pore fungi reflect what phyla

A

Phylum Basidiomycota

89
Q

what does the mycelium of pore fungi inhabit

A

dead tree trunks

90
Q

where are basidiospores produced and released in pore fungi

A

the inside of the pores

91
Q

how do puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns
and birds nest fungi differ from other Basidiomycota

A

they produce basidia that are enclosed IN a basidiocarp

92
Q

fungal component of a lichen

A

Basidiomycota but mostly Ascomycota

93
Q

photosynthetic component of a lichen

A
  1. Nostoc (blue-green bacteria)
  2. green algae
94
Q

are ascospores borne internally or externally

A

internally in an ascus

95
Q

are basidiospores borne externally or internally

A

externally on basidia

96
Q

what are the circular structures and what are they at the end of

A
  1. circular structures - sporangia
  2. found at the ends of hyphal
97
Q

what is this

A

sexual stage of Zygomycota - zygosporangium are the large black dots

98
Q

Name: Phylum

A

Truffles : Phylum Ascomycota

99
Q

Name: Phylum

A

Morel : Phylum Ascomycota

100
Q

Name: Phylum

A

Scarlet elf cup fungus: Phylum Ascomycota

101
Q
  1. what is happening here
  2. where are the daughter cells
  3. what phylum is this
A
  1. this shows yeast undergoing budding
  2. the daughter cells are the smaller bubbles protruding from the larger main cell
  3. Phylum Ascomycota
102
Q
  1. Name and phylum
  2. how does it reproduce
A
  1. Penicillium and Phylum Ascomycota
    2, showing the conidia which is the asexual reproduction
103
Q
  1. name and phylum
  2. type of structure
A
  1. Eryisphe ascocarp (Phylum Ascomycota)
  2. Cleistothecium ascocarp
104
Q

where are the ascocarp found in Erysiphe

A

ON the outer edge of the plant stem

105
Q
  1. name of the structure
  2. name of specimen and phylum
A
  1. Perithecium ascocarp
  2. Sordaria and Phylum Ascomycota
106
Q
  1. name of fungi and phylum
  2. type of structure
  3. what are the pink structures?
A
  1. Peziza of Phylum Ascomycota
  2. Apothecium ascocarp
  3. ascrospores
107
Q

name: Phylum

A

Toadstool: Basidiomycota

108
Q

name: Phylum

A

earth star: Basidiomycota

109
Q

name: Phylum

A

Puffball: Basidiomycota

110
Q

name: Phylum

A

rust: Basidiomycota

111
Q

name: Phylum

A

Smut: Basidiomycota

112
Q

A

A

cap

113
Q

B

A

gills

114
Q

C

A

stipe *stalk

115
Q

D

A

gill/lamellae

116
Q

E

A

basidia

117
Q

F

A

spores

118
Q

G

A

basidium

119
Q

I

A

hyphae

120
Q

name: Phylum

A

golden waxcap mushroom: Basidiomycota

121
Q

name: Phylum

A

bird’s nest fungi

122
Q

name: Phylum

A

stinkhorn mushroom: Basidiomycota

123
Q
  1. structure
  2. name and phylum
  3. where are basidia found
A
  1. cross-section through the cap
  2. Coprinus: Basidiomycota
  3. found protruding into air space BETWEEN the gills
124
Q

structure of meiosis
Zygomycota

A

zygosporangium

125
Q

structure of meiosis
Ascomycota

A

ascus

126
Q

structure of meiosis
basidiomycota

A

basidia

127
Q

products of meiosis
Zygomycota

A

haploid sporangia

128
Q

products of meiosis
Ascomycota

A

ascospores

129
Q

products of meiosis
Basidiomycota

A

basidiospores

130
Q

asexual reproduction occurs via
Zygomycota

A

sporangia on mycelium

131
Q

asexual reproduction occurs via
Ascomycota

A

conidia

132
Q

asexual reproduction occurs via
Basidiomycota

A

RARE

133
Q

Hyphae
Zygomycota

A

aseptate

134
Q

Hyphae
Ascomycota

A

septate

135
Q

Hyphae
Basidiomycota

A

septate

136
Q

diagnostic character
Zygomycota

A

Zygosporangium

137
Q

diagnostic character
Ascomycota

A

ascospores in asci

138
Q

diagnostic character
Basidomycota

A

Basidiospores in basidia

Biology 1020 Lab (11 decks)

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