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Biology 1020 Lab > Lab 5 - seedless plants > Flashcards

Lab 5 - seedless plants Flashcards

1
Q

traits shared by charophytes and land plants

A
  1. possession of chlorophylls a +b, carotenoids and xanthophylls
  2. cell wall of cellulose
  3. photosynthate stored as starch
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2
Q

derived traits of land plants

A
  1. apical meristems
  2. walled spores in sporangia
  3. multicellular gametangia
  4. dependent embryos
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3
Q

all land plants reproduce through

A

sporic meiosis (alternation of generation)

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4
Q

diploid stages in sporic meiosis

A
  1. sporophyte
  2. zyogte
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5
Q

haploid stages in sporic meiosis

A
  1. spores
  2. gametophyte
  3. gamtetes
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6
Q

gametes under ____ to produce zygote

A

syngamy

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7
Q

the zygote undergoes _____ to produce the sporophyte

A

mitosis

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8
Q

sporophyte undergoes _____ to produce spores

A

meiosis

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9
Q

spores undergo ____ to produce gametophyte

A

mitosis

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10
Q

gametophyte undergoes ____ to produce gametes

A

mitosis

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11
Q

two types of alternation of generations

A
  1. heteromorphic and isomorphic
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12
Q

heteromorphic alternation of generation

A

gametophyte and sporophyte stages are distinct from each other

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13
Q

isomorphic alternation of generations

A

gametophyte and sporophyte are identical

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14
Q

example of heteromorphic alternation of generation

A

ferns

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15
Q

example of isomorphic alternation of generation

A

Ulva

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16
Q

cell wall of plants is ____

A

rigid

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17
Q

two parts of the cell wall

A
  1. primary cell wall
  2. secondary cell wall
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18
Q

primary cell wall is made from

A

cellulose and somewhat flexible

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19
Q

the secondary cell wall is made from

A

cellulose and lignin = not flexible

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20
Q

what cell wall is always present

A

primary cell wall

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21
Q

what cell wall is sometimes present

A

secondary cell wall

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22
Q

protoplast reflects

A

all the living contents of cell
(plasma membrane, cytosol, nucelus and other organelles)

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23
Q

3 types of plant cells

A
  1. parenchyma cells
  2. collenchyma cells
  3. sclerenchyma cells
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24
Q

sclerenchyma cell characteristics

A
  1. secondary cell walls
  2. support in areas that are done growing
  3. no protoplast at maturity
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25
Q

collenchyma cells

A
  1. primary cell wall
  2. support/growth
  3. living
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26
Q

parenchyma cells

A
  1. primary cell walls
  2. unspecialized
  3. metabolically active
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27
Q

what plant type cells are primary cell walls

A
  1. parenchyma
  2. collenchyma
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28
Q

meiocytes are found in the

A

multicellular sporophyte

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29
Q

meiocytes function

A

to undergo meiosis and produce spores

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30
Q

what surrounds the protoplast

A

the rigid cell wall

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31
Q

where is the secondary cell wall found

A

inside the primary cell wall

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32
Q

what renders the secondary cell wall inflexible

A

lignin

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33
Q

function of collenchyma

A

give the plant mechanical support and elasticity

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34
Q

where would collenchyma cells be found

A

young stems, leaves

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35
Q

major function of cells with a secondary cell wall

A

provides strength and rigidity to the plant body

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36
Q

why are sclerenchyma cells dead at maturity

A

they have thickened walls with lignin that do not elongate during cell growth and the cell wall becomes hard/impermeable to water

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37
Q

two types of tissues

A

simple and complex

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38
Q

simple tissues

A

single cell type where the name reflects the cell type

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39
Q

complex tissue

A

more than one type of cell that are defined by function and location

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40
Q

three types of complex tissues

A
  1. xylem, phloem and epidermal
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41
Q

xylem

A

the principal water-conducting tissue in vascular plants

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42
Q

phloem

A

the conducting tissue for photosynthate (food)

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43
Q

xylem are made up of MOSTLY ______ and some _____

A

sclerenchyma and parenchyma

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44
Q

phloem are made up of MOSTLY ______ and some _____

A

parenchyma and sclerenchyma

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45
Q

in celery the phloem is more towards the ____ and the xylem is more towards the _____

A

outside and inside

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46
Q

what makes up the cap outside each vascular bundle in celery petiole

A

collenchyma tissue

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47
Q

phylum hepatophyta

A

liverworts

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48
Q

phylum Bryophyta

A

mosses

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49
Q

what phylum make up the seedless nonvascular plants

A
  1. phylum hepatophyta
  2. phylum bryophyta
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50
Q

what is the body called in seedless nonvascular plants

A

thallus

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51
Q

is the thallus of bryophytes differentiated into stems, leaves and roots

A

NO

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52
Q

seedless nonvascular plants have _____ alternation of generations

A

heteromorphic

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53
Q

what is the dominant stage in bryophytes

A

gametophyte

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54
Q

pores on the surface of Marchantia (liverwort) allow what

A

air chambers beneath the surface of the thallus

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55
Q

bryophytes depend on ___ to complete life cycle

A

water

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56
Q

seedless vascular plants phylum

A
  1. phylum Lycophyta
  2. phylum monilophyta
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57
Q

rhizoid function

A

to anchor the thallus to the substrate and a little bit of absorption of water and nutrients from soil

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58
Q

what is the asexual life cycle of Marchantia

A

gemmae cups form into the surface of the thallus and produce cells called gemmae that are dispersed by rain

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59
Q

what is the sexual life cycle of Marchantia

A

antheridia and archegonia with fertilization resulting in a sporophyte

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60
Q

_____ produce a protonema

A

moss

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61
Q

protonema

A

the first stage after spore germination

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62
Q

what will develop into the leafy gametophytes of protonema (moss)

A

buds

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63
Q

bryophte gametophyte is attached to substrate by thin filaments of ______ cells

A

rhizoids

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64
Q

a mature leafy gametophyte will produce ____ in bryophytes

A

gametangia

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65
Q

archegonia

A

female reproductive structure

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66
Q

antheridia

A

male reproductive structure

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67
Q

the egg is _____(haploid or diploid)

A

haploid

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68
Q

sperm are produced by

A

mitosis

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69
Q

are the sperm haploid or diploid

70
Q

what kind of environment is needed for bryophytes

A

moist with a film of water for sperm to swim to the egg

71
Q

the bryophyte sporophyte is the result from

A

mitotic divisions of the fertilized egg in the archegonium

72
Q

3 characteristics of seedless vascular plants

A
  1. sporophyte generation is dominant
  2. lignified cell wall for support
  3. specialized conduction system
73
Q

homosporous

A

the plant produces only one size of spore in its sporgangia

74
Q

homosporous gametophytes have

A

both antheridia and archegonia

75
Q

homosporous plants are called

A

bisexual or prothallus

76
Q

example of homosporous

A

phylum monilophyta

77
Q

heterosporous

A

the plant produces two types of sporangia and two types of spores

78
Q

types of spores in heterospory

A
  1. megaspores
  2. microspores
79
Q

heterosporous plants are

80
Q

megaspores germinate in _______ and produce _____

A

megagametophytes and female gametes

81
Q

microspores germinate in _______ and produce _____

A

micro gametangia and male gametes

82
Q

microphyll leaves

A

unbranched

83
Q

phylum with microphyll leaves

A

phylum lycophyta

84
Q

megaphyll leaves

A

branched leaves

85
Q

phylum with megaphyll leaves

A

phylum monilophyta

86
Q

parts of ferns

A
  1. underground stem (rhizome)
  2. fronds(leaves)
  3. pinnae (leaf-like segments of fronds)
87
Q

the frond of a fern is a ____

A

megaphyll (has complex vascular trace)

88
Q

where are sporangia found on ferns (monilophyta)

A

in clusters called sori under the fronds

89
Q

in ferns, each sori(sorus) is covered by a

A

flap of pinna tissue (indusium)

90
Q

function of prothallus

A

part of the gametophyte plant that makes gametes (males AND females)

91
Q

why do antheridia and archegonia in ferns develop at different times

A

to increase the chances of cross-fertilization and genetic variation

92
Q

in ferns, what happens to the gametophyte after the sporophyte becomes free-living

93
Q

which gametophyte produces sperm (lycophyte)

A

microgametophyte

94
Q

which gametophyte produces eggs (lycophyta)

A

megagametophyte

95
Q

fertilization of lycophyte takes place on the _____

A

megagametophyte

96
Q

microsporangium ploidy

97
Q

megasporangium ploidy

98
Q

megaspore ploidy

99
Q

microspore ploidy

100
Q

microsporophyll ploidy

101
Q

megasporophyll ploidy

102
Q

stem function

A
  1. support leaves
  2. conduct H20 and minerals to leaves
103
Q

leaf function

A

photosynthesis

104
Q

root function

A

anchor the plant
absorb water and minerals to conduct to the stem

105
Q

root cap function

A

protect the roots from environmental stresses

106
Q

epidermis function

A

form a cuticle

107
Q

vascular bundle function

A

connects all the organs together
be a long-distance communication for the transport of water and other materials

108
Q

root hair function

A

uptake of water and nutrients from rhizomes

109
Q

protonema ploidy

110
Q

rhizoids ploidy

111
Q

antheridium ploidy

112
Q

archegonium ploidy

113
Q

zygote ploidy

114
Q

capsule ploidy

115
Q

peristome ploidy

116
Q

operculum ploidy

117
Q

protonema function

A

first tissue to emerge from germinating spore

118
Q

rhizoids function

A

adhere to surfaces

119
Q

archegonium function

A

produce female gametes

120
Q

antheridium function

A

produce male gametes

121
Q

capsule function

A

site of meiosis

122
Q

peristome function

A

teeth sued in gradual spore release (moss)
open and closes with changes in humidity

123
Q

operculum function

A

cap-like lid that prevents premature release of spores and pops off when spores and ready

124
Q

characteristics of seedless vascular plants that enable them to survive on land

A
  1. roots
  2. development of vascular tissue (phloem and xylem)
125
Q

what gametangia is this

A

archegonia

126
Q

what gametangia is this

A

antheridium

127
Q

calyptra in bryophytes is remnant of ____ tissue

A

gametophyte

128
Q

what is this

A

Bryophyte capsule/sporangium

129
Q

what is this

A

Selaginella strobilus

130
Q

male or female fern gametophyte

131
Q

male or female fern gametophyte

132
Q

1

133
Q

2

134
Q

3

135
Q

4

136
Q

5

137
Q

A

138
Q

B

A

frond = megaphyll

139
Q

A

140
Q

B

A

multiple sporangia

141
Q

zygote function

A

beginning of sporophyte generation

142
Q

1

A

microsporangium

143
Q

2

A

microspore

144
Q

3

A

microsporophyll

145
Q

4

A

megasporangium

146
Q

5

A

megaspores

147
Q

6

A

megasporophyll

148
Q

2

A

new sporophyte

149
Q

1

A

prothallus/gametophyte

150
Q

3

151
Q

4

152
Q

5

A

sporangium

153
Q

6

154
Q

7

A

germinating spore

155
Q

8

A

prothallus/gametophyte

156
Q

9

A

archegonium

157
Q

10

A

antheridium

158
Q

11

159
Q

12

160
Q

13

161
Q

1

A

antheridium

162
Q

2

163
Q

3

A

archegonium

164
Q

4

A

sporophyte

165
Q

5

166
Q

6

A

capsule/sporangium

167
Q

7

168
Q

8

A

protonemata

169
Q

9

A

gametophyte with female gametangia

170
Q

10

A

gametophyte with male gametangia

Biology 1020 Lab (11 decks)

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