Lab 5 - seedless plants Flashcards
1
Q
traits shared by charophytes and land plants
A
- possession of chlorophylls a +b, carotenoids and xanthophylls
- cell wall of cellulose
- photosynthate stored as starch
2
Q
derived traits of land plants
A
- apical meristems
- walled spores in sporangia
- multicellular gametangia
- dependent embryos
3
Q
all land plants reproduce through
A
sporic meiosis (alternation of generation)
4
Q
diploid stages in sporic meiosis
A
- sporophyte
- zyogte
5
Q
haploid stages in sporic meiosis
A
- spores
- gametophyte
- gamtetes
6
Q
gametes under ____ to produce zygote
A
syngamy
7
Q
the zygote undergoes _____ to produce the sporophyte
A
mitosis
8
Q
sporophyte undergoes _____ to produce spores
A
meiosis
9
Q
spores undergo ____ to produce gametophyte
A
mitosis
10
Q
gametophyte undergoes ____ to produce gametes
A
mitosis
11
Q
two types of alternation of generations
A
- heteromorphic and isomorphic
12
Q
heteromorphic alternation of generation
A
gametophyte and sporophyte stages are distinct from each other
13
Q
isomorphic alternation of generations
A
gametophyte and sporophyte are identical
14
Q
example of heteromorphic alternation of generation
A
ferns
15
Q
example of isomorphic alternation of generation
A
Ulva
16
Q
cell wall of plants is ____
A
rigid
17
Q
two parts of the cell wall
A
- primary cell wall
- secondary cell wall
18
Q
primary cell wall is made from
A
cellulose and somewhat flexible
19
Q
the secondary cell wall is made from
A
cellulose and lignin = not flexible
20
Q
what cell wall is always present
A
primary cell wall
21
Q
what cell wall is sometimes present
A
secondary cell wall
22
Q
protoplast reflects
A
all the living contents of cell
(plasma membrane, cytosol, nucelus and other organelles)
23
Q
3 types of plant cells
A
- parenchyma cells
- collenchyma cells
- sclerenchyma cells
24
Q
sclerenchyma cell characteristics
A
- secondary cell walls
- support in areas that are done growing
- no protoplast at maturity
25
collenchyma cells
1. primary cell wall
2. support/growth
3. living
26
parenchyma cells
1. primary cell walls
2. unspecialized
3. metabolically active
27
what plant type cells are primary cell walls
1. parenchyma
2. collenchyma
28
meiocytes are found in the
multicellular sporophyte
29
meiocytes function
to undergo meiosis and produce spores
30
what surrounds the protoplast
the rigid cell wall
31
where is the secondary cell wall found
inside the primary cell wall
32
what renders the secondary cell wall inflexible
lignin
33
function of collenchyma
give the plant mechanical support and elasticity
34
where would collenchyma cells be found
young stems, leaves
35
major function of cells with a secondary cell wall
provides strength and rigidity to the plant body
36
why are sclerenchyma cells dead at maturity
they have thickened walls with lignin that do not elongate during cell growth and the cell wall becomes hard/impermeable to water
37
two types of tissues
simple and complex
38
simple tissues
single cell type where the name reflects the cell type
39
complex tissue
more than one type of cell that are defined by function and location
40
three types of complex tissues
1. xylem, phloem and epidermal
41
xylem
the principal water-conducting tissue in vascular plants
42
phloem
the conducting tissue for photosynthate (food)
43
xylem are made up of MOSTLY ______ and some _____
sclerenchyma and parenchyma
44
phloem are made up of MOSTLY ______ and some _____
parenchyma and sclerenchyma
45
in celery the phloem is more towards the ____ and the xylem is more towards the _____
outside and inside
46
what makes up the cap outside each vascular bundle in celery petiole
collenchyma tissue
47
phylum hepatophyta
liverworts
48
phylum Bryophyta
mosses
49
what phylum make up the seedless nonvascular plants
1. phylum hepatophyta
2. phylum bryophyta
50
what is the body called in seedless nonvascular plants
thallus
51
is the thallus of bryophytes differentiated into stems, leaves and roots
NO
52
seedless nonvascular plants have _____ alternation of generations
heteromorphic
53
what is the dominant stage in bryophytes
gametophyte
54
pores on the surface of Marchantia (liverwort) allow what
air chambers beneath the surface of the thallus
55
bryophytes depend on ___ to complete life cycle
water
56
seedless vascular plants phylum
1. phylum Lycophyta
2. phylum monilophyta
57
rhizoid function
to anchor the thallus to the substrate and a little bit of absorption of water and nutrients from soil
58
what is the asexual life cycle of Marchantia
gemmae cups form into the surface of the thallus and produce cells called gemmae that are dispersed by rain
59
what is the sexual life cycle of Marchantia
antheridia and archegonia with fertilization resulting in a sporophyte
60
_____ produce a protonema
moss
61
protonema
the first stage after spore germination
62
what will develop into the leafy gametophytes of protonema (moss)
buds
63
bryophte gametophyte is attached to substrate by thin filaments of ______ cells
rhizoids
64
a mature leafy gametophyte will produce ____ in bryophytes
gametangia
65
archegonia
female reproductive structure
66
antheridia
male reproductive structure
67
the egg is _____(haploid or diploid)
haploid
68
sperm are produced by
mitosis
69
are the sperm haploid or diploid
haploid
70
what kind of environment is needed for bryophytes
moist with a film of water for sperm to swim to the egg
71
the bryophyte sporophyte is the result from
mitotic divisions of the fertilized egg in the archegonium
72
3 characteristics of seedless vascular plants
1. sporophyte generation is dominant
2. lignified cell wall for support
3. specialized conduction system
73
homosporous
the plant produces only one size of spore in its sporgangia
74
homosporous gametophytes have
both antheridia and archegonia
75
homosporous plants are called
bisexual or prothallus
76
example of homosporous
phylum monilophyta
77
heterosporous
the plant produces two types of sporangia and two types of spores
78
types of spores in heterospory
1. megaspores
2. microspores
79
heterosporous plants are
unisexual
80
megaspores germinate in _______ and produce _____
megagametophytes and female gametes
81
microspores germinate in _______ and produce _____
micro gametangia and male gametes
82
microphyll leaves
unbranched
83
phylum with microphyll leaves
phylum lycophyta
84
megaphyll leaves
branched leaves
85
phylum with megaphyll leaves
phylum monilophyta
86
parts of ferns
1. underground stem (rhizome)
2. fronds(leaves)
3. pinnae (leaf-like segments of fronds)
87
the frond of a fern is a ____
megaphyll (has complex vascular trace)
88
where are sporangia found on ferns (monilophyta)
in clusters called sori under the fronds
89
in ferns, each sori(sorus) is covered by a
flap of pinna tissue (indusium)
90
function of prothallus
part of the gametophyte plant that makes gametes (males AND females)
91
why do antheridia and archegonia in ferns develop at different times
to increase the chances of cross-fertilization and genetic variation
92
in ferns, what happens to the gametophyte after the sporophyte becomes free-living
it dies
93
which gametophyte produces sperm (lycophyte)
microgametophyte
94
which gametophyte produces eggs (lycophyta)
megagametophyte
95
fertilization of lycophyte takes place on the _____
megagametophyte
96
microsporangium ploidy
2n
97
megasporangium ploidy
2n
98
megaspore ploidy
n
99
microspore ploidy
n
100
microsporophyll ploidy
2n
101
megasporophyll ploidy
2n
102
stem function
1. support leaves
2. conduct H20 and minerals to leaves
103
leaf function
photosynthesis
104
root function
anchor the plant
absorb water and minerals to conduct to the stem
105
root cap function
protect the roots from environmental stresses
106
epidermis function
form a cuticle
107
vascular bundle function
connects all the organs together
be a long-distance communication for the transport of water and other materials
108
root hair function
uptake of water and nutrients from rhizomes
109
protonema ploidy
n
110
rhizoids ploidy
n
111
antheridium ploidy
n
112
archegonium ploidy
n
113
zygote ploidy
2n
114
capsule ploidy
2n
115
peristome ploidy
2n
116
operculum ploidy
2n
117
protonema function
first tissue to emerge from germinating spore
118
rhizoids function
adhere to surfaces
119
archegonium function
produce female gametes
120
antheridium function
produce male gametes
121
capsule function
site of meiosis
122
peristome function
teeth sued in gradual spore release (moss)
open and closes with changes in humidity
123
operculum function
cap-like lid that prevents premature release of spores and pops off when spores and ready
124
characteristics of seedless vascular plants that enable them to survive on land
1. roots
2. development of vascular tissue (phloem and xylem)
125
what gametangia is this
archegonia
126
what gametangia is this
antheridium
127
calyptra in bryophytes is remnant of ____ tissue
gametophyte
128
what is this
Bryophyte capsule/sporangium
129
what is this
Selaginella strobilus
130
male or female fern gametophyte
female
131
male or female fern gametophyte
male
132
1
calyptra
133
2
operculum
134
3
peristome
135
4
capsule
136
5
seta
137
A
pinna
138
B
frond = megaphyll
139
A
one sorus
140
B
multiple sporangia
141
zygote function
beginning of sporophyte generation
142
1
microsporangium
143
2
microspore
144
3
microsporophyll
145
4
megasporangium
146
5
megaspores
147
6
megasporophyll
148
2
new sporophyte
149
1
prothallus/gametophyte
150
3
frond
151
4
annulus
152
5
sporangium
153
6
rhizome
154
7
germinating spore
155
8
prothallus/gametophyte
156
9
archegonium
157
10
antheridium
158
11
sperm
159
12
egg
160
13
zygote
161
1
antheridium
162
2
sperm
163
3
archegonium
164
4
sporophyte
165
5
operculum
166
6
capsule/sporangium
167
7
spores
168
8
protonemata
169
9
gametophyte with female gametangia
170
10
gametophyte with male gametangia
