Lab 6 - Seed plants Flashcards
the sporophyte makes _____ by ____
spores by meiosis
the spores make ___ by ____
gametophytes by mitosis
the gametophyte makes ____ by ____
gametes by mitosis
the gametes make _____ by ____
a zygote by syngamy
the zygote makes ____ by _____
sporophyte by mitosis
plant adaptions for dry land
- reduction of gametophyte
- heterospory - ovule and pollen
- seeds
where is the gametophyte found in seed plants
the sporangia
why is the gametophyte in the sporangia
- protection against drought and UV
- nutrients from sporophyte
the ovule has the _____ (megaspore or microspore) retained within _____ which produces______ (female or male gametophyte) which produces _____ (egg or sperm)
- megaspore
- sporophyte
- female gametophyte
- egg cell
pollen
designed to be dispersed from parent plant to ovule
what is the protective coat
seeds
what is the food supply for embryo
seed
seeds are the _____
fertilized ovule
what three things make up a seed
- embryo
- food supply
- protective coat
where is the protective coat of the seed derived from
integument
gymnosperms are “_____”
naked seeds
four phyla of gymnosperms
- Cycadophyta
- Gnetophyta
- Ginkgophyta
- Coniferophyta
what phyla is this
Gnetophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta
Ginkgophyta
Cycadophyta
Angiosperms have ____ and ____
flowers and fruit
the largest clades of angiosperms
- monocots
- eudicots
Angiosperm phylum
Anthophyta
monocot flower
eudicot flower
eudicot leaf
monocot leaf
monocot stem
eudicot stem
eudicot root
monocot root
monocot seed
eudicot seed
angiosperm seed dispersal is
biotic and abiotic
male or female cones
female
male or female cones
male
what makes up a male cone
male strobili composed of microsporophylls and microsporangia
where are microsporangia found in the male cone
underside of the microsporophyll
products of meiosis in male cones
haploid cells that mature into pollen grains
are antheridia present in conifer pollen
NO
what seed plant has Micky mouse ears on their pollen
gymnosperms
the Micky mouse ears on gymnosperm pollen aids
in dispersal
gymnosperm or angiosperm pollen
gymnosperm
female or male cone
female
male or female cone
male
where are megasporangia found on female cones
on top of the megasporophyll/scale
what produces the megagametophyte in cones
the megaspore
how does the megaspore make the megagametophyte in cones
mitosis
how many ovule per scale on female cone
2
ovule consists of
- integument
- megasporangium
- megaspore
megaspore divides ____ to form the ____
mitotically and megagametophyte
are the archegonia still present in gymnosperms
YES
are pine “nuts” real nuts
NO- they are the seed
megagametophyte is ____ (haploid or diploid)
haploid
what nourishes the growing embryo
megagametophyte tissue
A
Ovule
B
ovary
C
style
D
Stigma
E
pistil (carpel)
F
anther
G
stamen
H
filament
I
sepals
J
petals
an ovary is inferior when it’s
below the base of the petals
an ovary is superior when its
above the base of the petals
how many pollen cells do angiosperms have
2
what are the two cells of the angiosperm pollen
- generative cell
- tube/vegetative cell
generative cell function
divides mitotically to produce two sperm cells (one for the egg and one for polar nuclei)
tube cell function
will engulf generative cells and form a tube to the egg in ovary
how does the megagametophyte result
from mitotic divisions of the megaspore
is the archegonia recognizable in angiosperms
NO
all seed plants are ____ (hetero or homosporous)
heterosporous
what generation is dominant
sporophyte
is water needed for fertilization
NO - male gametes are in pollen grain
what do gymnosperms use for transportation and protection of male gametes
pollen grains
what does the seed develop and mature in gymnosperms
cone like structure (strobili)
what phyla of gymnosperms thrived during age of dinosaurs
cycadophyta
most abundant gymnosperm phyla
coniferophyta
what is the site of meiosis in male cone
microsporangia
____ develop into ____ in male cones
microspores and pollen grains
how many cells make up pollen grain in gymnosperms
4 cells
4 cells of gymnosperm pollen grain
- tube cell
- generative cell
- prothallial (sterile cells) x2
tube cell *gymnosperm function
growth of the pollen tube
generative cell (gymnosperm) function
divide to produce two sperm cells
prothallium cells (gymnosperm) function
the remains of the vegetative body of the male gametophyte
where are megasporangia born in ovulate cone
upper surface of scale
what sits above a bract in ovulate cone
scale
how many ovules are present one each scale
2
how does fertilized egg (zygote) become embryo in gymnosperms
mitosis
what surrounds embryo in gymnosperms
female gametophyte tissue
integument develops into
seed coat
the embryo is a part of the ___ generation
sporophyte
what has dicots in angiosperms become known as
paraphyletic
most angiosperms are considered
hermaphroditic
how can sexual reproduction occur in angiosperms
- self-fertilization
- cross-pollination
flower function
reproduction
what is each whorl of flowers derived from
leaves
outside whorl
sepals
petals function
attraction of pollinators
second whorl
petals
thrid whorl
stamen
parts of stamen
filaments and anther
stamens develop from
microsporophyll
fourth whorl (innermost)
carpel
parts of the carpel
- stigma
- style
- ovary
stigma is made from
megasporophyll
microspores are produced by
meiosis
anther is derived from
microsporangium
what develops into pollen grains in anther
microspores
what are pollen grains in angiosperms made from
2 cells - tube cell and generative cell
what attaches the ovule to the ovary
the funiculus
how are four haploid nuclei produced in angiosperm ovules
diploid meiocyte in megasporangium divides meiotically
how many times does one angiosperm nuclei undergo mitosis and what is the result
three times for eight haploid nuclei and 7 cells
what makes up the embryo sac
the nuclei created after the one haploid nuclei undergoes mitosis 3 times
embryo sac is also known as
female gametophyte
how many sperm are delivered to embryo sac
2
______ and _____ has the potential to become a seed after fertilization
embryo sac and integuments
double fertilization
- one sperm fuses with an egg = zygote
- one sperm fuses with two polar nuclei = endosperm
what is a function of endosperm
nutrition for the developing embryo
seed =
fertilized ovule
fruit =
ovary
cotyledons function
food storage tissue until the seed can do photosynthesis
plumule
top of the embryo
plumule function
first set of true leaves
radicle
embryonic root
what is the wall of the fruit known as
pericarp
true fruits
one or more ovaries
accessory fruits
incorporate other floral parts in addition to the ovary
fruits can be either
fleshy or dry
dry fruits
remain intact at maturity or split apart
examples of dry fruit
pea, beans and legumes
fleshy fruits
layers of fleshy tissue surrounding the seed
fleshy fruits examples
- berries
- dupes
berries
fruits with many seeds (grapes, bananas, tomatoes)
drupes
- one large seed (peaches, almonds or olives
berries are drupes are ____ (true or accessory)
true
pomes (apples and pears)
accessory fruits
A
cotyledon
B
plumule
C
radicle
A
antipodals
B
polar nuceli
C
synergids
D
egg
E
integuments
F
Funiculus
A
tube cell
B
generative cell
A
integument
B
megagametophyte
C
megasporangium
A
megasporangium wall
B
megaspore mother cell
C
integuments
D
micropyle
E
funiculus
A
anther sac
B
pollen grains
C
tube cell
D
generative cell
A
micropyle
B
integument (JUST ONE)
C
archegonia
D
megasporangium wall
E
female gametophyte
A
tube cell and nucleus
B
generative cell and nucleus
C
prothallium
