Lab 3 - phylogenies

Question 1

taxon

Answer 1

named group of organisms at any level of biological hierarchy

Question 2

ancestral can be also know as

Answer 2

derived

Question 3

ancestral and derived are used to refer to the

Answer 3

time of the appearance certain traits in evolutionary history

Question 4

when is a structure ancestral

Answer 4

if it is found in the earliest member of an evolutionary lineage

Question 5

when is a structure derived

Answer 5

if it is found in later members of the lineage

Question 6

a _____ trait is changed from the ancestral form

Answer 6

derived

Question 7

ancestral or

Answer 7

plesiomorphic

Question 8

derived or

Answer 8

apomorphic

Question 9

shared derive characters are known as

Answer 9

synapomorphies

Question 10

shared ancestral characters are known as

Answer 10

symplesiomorphies

Question 11

synapomorphies are traits that

Answer 11

are shared by two or more groups of taxa AND that originates in their last common ancestor

Question 12

symplesiomorphies

Answer 12

shared ancestral trait

Question 13

Synapomorphy

Answer 13

shared derived trait

Question 14

autapomorphy

Answer 14

derived trait that is NOT shared

Question 15

a character that exists in a single taxon only is called

Answer 15

autapomorphy

Question 16

homologous structures result from

Answer 16

divergent evolution

Question 17

analogous structures result from

Answer 17

convergent evolution

Question 18

sister taxa

Answer 18

groups that share a common ancestor AND are more related to each other than to other groups

Question 19

parsimony

Answer 19

assumes the simplest interpretation of all available data is likely the correct explanation

Question 20

principle used to decide between several hypotheses

Answer 20

parsimony

Question 21

the most parsimonious tree is the one with

Answer 21

the fewest number of characters mapped on

Question 22

cladistics

Answer 22

the method of determining evolutionary relationships by analyzing the features they share

Question 23

a phylogenetic trees obtained via cladistics is termed a

Answer 23

cladogram

Question 24

homoplasy

Answer 24

collective name for a series of conditions that violate the assumptions of cladistics analysis

Question 25

what are examples of homoplasy

Answer 25

1. reversals 2. convergences

Question 26

convergence

Answer 26

independent origins of a feature in unrelated lineages

Question 27

reversals

Answer 27

a lineage has exhibited a derived character at some point in its evolutionary history BUT the character has reverted to an ancestral state

Question 28

tree length is defined as the

Answer 28

sum of the minimum number of substitutions OVER all sites fro the given topology

Question 29

Consistency Index (CI)

Answer 29

measures the number of times a single character changes

Question 30

how to calculate CI

Answer 30

total number of characters used/sum of each time the character is mapped

Question 31

what does a CI of 1 mean

Answer 31

the characters are only mapped once (NO homoplasy)

Question 32

what does a CI of less than 1 mean

Answer 32

the characters are mapped MORE than once (homoplasy)

Question 33

three types of phylogenies

Answer 33

1. monophyletic 2. polyphyletic 3. paraphyletic

Question 34

monophyletic

Answer 34

groups contain the most recent CA and ALL of the descedants

Question 35

polyphyletic

Answer 35

* Doesn’t include most recent the CA of all group members * members derived from two or more ancestral forms

Question 36

paraphyletic

Answer 36

Contains MOST recent common ancestor of all group members and SOME of its descendants

Question 37

OG

Answer 37

the taxon that is closely related to, but NOT part of, the ingroup (group under study)

Question 38

myxini

Answer 38

hagfishes

Question 39

petromyzontida

Answer 39

lampreys

Question 40

Chondrichthyes

Answer 40

sharks, rays, skates

Question 41

aquatic Osteichthyes

Answer 41

ray-finned fish, coelacanths, lungfish

Question 42

amphibia

Answer 42

frogs, salamanders, toads,

Question 43

reptilia

Answer 43

birds, turtles, lizards, snakes

Question 44

Mammalia

Answer 44

rodents, carnivores, ungulates, primates

Question 45

what taxonomic group is this

Answer 45

myxini

Question 46

what taxonomic group is this

Answer 46

petromyzontida

Question 47

what taxonomic group is this

Answer 47

aquatic Osteichthyes

Question 48

what taxonomic group is this

Answer 48

Chondrichthyes

Question 49

what taxonomic group is this

Answer 49

amphibia

Question 50

what taxonomic group is this

Answer 50

reptilia

Question 51

what taxonomic group is this

Answer 51

reptilia/birds

Question 51

what taxonomic group is this

Answer 51

Mammalia

Question 52

what trait is common to ALL vertebrates in this lab

Answer 52

notochord

Question 53

what trait is do cephalochordate NOT have

Answer 53

vetebrate

Question 54

what trait do myxini and petromyzontida NOT have

Answer 54

jaws

Question 55

what trait do Chondrichthyes NOT have

Answer 55

bony skeleton

Question 56

what trait do aquatic Osteichthye NOT have

Answer 56

4 limbs

Question 57

what trait does amphibia not have

Answer 57

amniotic eggs

Question 58

what trait do reptilia not have

Answer 58

mammary glands

Question 59

what type of tree is this (1)

Answer 59

monophyletic

Question 60

what type of tree is this (2)

Answer 60

paraphyletic

Question 61

what type of tree is this (3)

Answer 61

polyphyletic

Question 62

what does tree 1 represent

Answer 62

apomorphy

Question 63

what does tree 2 represent

Answer 63

plesiomorphy

Question 64

what does tree 3 represent

Answer 64

autapomorphy

Question 65

what does tree 4 represent

Answer 65

synapomorphy

Question 65

what does tree 5 represent

Answer 65

homoplasy