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Biology 1020 Lab > Lab 3 - phylogenies > Flashcards

Lab 3 - phylogenies Flashcards

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1
Q

taxon

A

named group of organisms at any level of biological hierarchy

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2
Q

ancestral can be also know as

A

derived

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3
Q

ancestral and derived are used to refer to the

A

time of the appearance certain traits in evolutionary history

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4
Q

when is a structure ancestral

A

if it is found in the earliest member of an evolutionary lineage

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5
Q

when is a structure derived

A

if it is found in later members of the lineage

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6
Q

a _____ trait is changed from the ancestral form

A

derived

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7
Q

ancestral or

A

plesiomorphic

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8
Q

derived or

A

apomorphic

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9
Q

shared derive characters are known as

A

synapomorphies

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10
Q

shared ancestral characters are known as

A

symplesiomorphies

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11
Q

synapomorphies are traits that

A

are shared by two or more groups of taxa AND that originates in their last common ancestor

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12
Q

symplesiomorphies

A

shared ancestral trait

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13
Q

Synapomorphy

A

shared derived trait

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14
Q

autapomorphy

A

derived trait that is NOT shared

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15
Q

a character that exists in a single taxon only is called

A

autapomorphy

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16
Q

homologous structures result from

A

divergent evolution

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17
Q

analogous structures result from

A

convergent evolution

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18
Q

sister taxa

A

groups that share a common ancestor AND are more related to each other than to other groups

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19
Q

parsimony

A

assumes the simplest interpretation of all available data is likely the correct explanation

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20
Q

principle used to decide between several hypotheses

A

parsimony

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21
Q

the most parsimonious tree is the one with

A

the fewest number of characters mapped on

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22
Q

cladistics

A

the method of determining evolutionary relationships by analyzing the features they share

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23
Q

a phylogenetic trees obtained via cladistics is termed a

A

cladogram

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24
Q

homoplasy

A

collective name for a series of conditions that violate the assumptions of cladistics analysis

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25
Q

what are examples of homoplasy

A
  1. reversals
  2. convergences
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26
Q

convergence

A

independent origins of a feature in unrelated lineages

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27
Q

reversals

A

a lineage has exhibited a derived character at some point in its evolutionary history BUT the character has reverted to an ancestral state

28
Q

tree length is defined as the

A

sum of the minimum number of substitutions OVER all sites fro the given topology

29
Q

Consistency Index (CI)

A

measures the number of times a single character changes

30
Q

how to calculate CI

A

total number of characters used/sum of each time the character is mapped

31
Q

what does a CI of 1 mean

A

the characters are only mapped once (NO homoplasy)

32
Q

what does a CI of less than 1 mean

A

the characters are mapped MORE than once (homoplasy)

33
Q

three types of phylogenies

A
  1. monophyletic
  2. polyphyletic
  3. paraphyletic
34
Q

monophyletic

A

groups contain the most recent CA and ALL of the descedants

35
Q

polyphyletic

A
  • Doesn’t include most recent
    the CA of all
    group members
  • members derived from two
    or more ancestral forms
36
Q

paraphyletic

A

Contains MOST recent
common ancestor of
all group members
and SOME of its
descendants

37
Q

OG

A

the taxon that is closely related to, but NOT part of, the ingroup (group under study)

38
Q

myxini

A

hagfishes

39
Q

petromyzontida

A

lampreys

40
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

sharks, rays, skates

41
Q

aquatic Osteichthyes

A

ray-finned fish, coelacanths, lungfish

42
Q

amphibia

A

frogs, salamanders, toads,

43
Q

reptilia

A

birds, turtles, lizards, snakes

44
Q

Mammalia

A

rodents, carnivores, ungulates, primates

45
Q

what taxonomic group is this

A

myxini

46
Q

what taxonomic group is this

A

petromyzontida

47
Q

what taxonomic group is this

A

aquatic Osteichthyes

48
Q

what taxonomic group is this

A

Chondrichthyes

49
Q

what taxonomic group is this

A

amphibia

50
Q

what taxonomic group is this

A

reptilia

51
Q

what taxonomic group is this

A

reptilia/birds

51
Q

what taxonomic group is this

A

Mammalia

52
Q

what trait is common to ALL vertebrates in this lab

A

notochord

53
Q

what trait is do cephalochordate NOT have

A

vetebrate

54
Q

what trait do myxini and petromyzontida NOT have

A

jaws

55
Q

what trait do Chondrichthyes NOT have

A

bony skeleton

56
Q

what trait do aquatic Osteichthye NOT have

A

4 limbs

57
Q

what trait does amphibia not have

A

amniotic eggs

58
Q

what trait do reptilia not have

A

mammary glands

59
Q

what type of tree is this (1)

A

monophyletic

60
Q

what type of tree is this (2)

A

paraphyletic

61
Q

what type of tree is this (3)

A

polyphyletic

62
Q

what does tree 1 represent

A

apomorphy

63
Q

what does tree 2 represent

A

plesiomorphy

64
Q

what does tree 3 represent

A

autapomorphy

65
Q

what does tree 4 represent

A

synapomorphy

65
Q

what does tree 5 represent

A

homoplasy

Biology 1020 Lab (11 decks)

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