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Animal Diversity Lab > Lab 5 - Mollusca > Flashcards

Lab 5 - Mollusca Flashcards

1
Q

what does HAM stand for?

A

hypothetical ancestral mollusc

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2
Q

Polyplacophora has (1)

A

chitons

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3
Q

Bivalvia has (2)

A

clams and mussels

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4
Q

Cephalopoda has (4)

A

octopus, squid, cuttlefish, and nautilus

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5
Q

Gastropoda has (2)

A

snails and slugs

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6
Q

Scaphopoda has (1)

A

tusk/tooth shells

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7
Q

four body regions of HAM

A

head, foot, visceral mass, and mantle

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8
Q

HAM: head

A

contains sensory organs and muscles

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9
Q

HAM: foot

A

a muscular structure used for locomotion (usually)

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10
Q

HAM: visceral mass

A

all the inners including digestive, reproductive, and circulatory organs

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11
Q

HAM: mantle (3)

A

epidermal layer that covers all of the visceral mass, delimits the mantle cavity, and it also secretes a shell in species that have one

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12
Q

Mollusks are an excellent example of _____ _____

A

adaptive radiation

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13
Q

Mollusca: organization level

A

organ level

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14
Q

Mollusca: development (3)

A

triploblastic, protostomes, eucoelomates

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15
Q

Mollusca: symmetry

A

bilateral

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16
Q

Mollusca: digestive

A

complete gut

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17
Q

Mollusca: support

A

CaCO2 shell secreted by mantle

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18
Q

Mollusca: excretion

A

via metanephridia

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19
Q

Mollusca: circulation

A

open circulatory system

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20
Q

what is the only class of Mollusca that has a closed circulatory system?

A

Cephalopoda

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21
Q

Mollusca: locomotion

A

generally a muscular foot (not Cephalopoda)

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22
Q

Mollusca: locomotion in Cephalopods

A

foot is modified into tentacles and they used jet propulsion instead

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23
Q

Mollusca: sensory

A

complex sensory organs including a brain and eye in Cephalopods

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24
Q

Mollusca: reporduction

monoecious or dioecious?

A

most are dioecious

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25
Q

The _____ is present in most molluscs except bivalves

A

radula

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26
Q

radula

A

rasping mouthpart used for cutting/scrapping make of a chitinous ribbon of minute teeth

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27
Q

feeding: Polyplacophora

A

herbivore

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28
Q

feeding: Gastropoda

A

mixed herbivore/carnivore

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29
Q

feeding: Scaphopoda

A

deposit feeder

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30
Q

feeding: Bivalvia

A

filter feeder

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31
Q

feeding: Cephalopoda

A

carnivore

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32
Q

How do land snails and slugs deal with respiration?

A

vascularized mantle that acts like lungs

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33
Q

Mollusca: respiration

A

gills mostly, except species on land

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34
Q

Class Gastropoda Subclasses (2)

A
  • Subclass Prosobranchia
  • Subclass Heterobranchia
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35
Q

Subclass Heterobranchia Infraclasses (2)

A
  • Infraclass Euthyneura
  • Infraclass Plumonata

Class Gastropoda, Phylum Mollusca

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36
Q

Class Cephalopoda Subclasses (3)

A
  • Subclass Ammonoidea
  • Subclass Nautiloidea
  • Subclass Coleoidea
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37
Q

Subclass Coleoidea Orders (2)

A
  • Order Octopodiformes
  • Order Decapodiformes
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38
Q

Defining feature of Class Gastropoda (2)

A

torsion - body rotates 180º
- anus is above the mouth

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39
Q

What do Heterobranchia have a secondary loss of?

A

torsion

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40
Q

where are members of Class Gastropoda found?

A

both aquatic and terrestrial

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41
Q

coiling of the shell: planispiral (2)

A
  • coiling occurs in a single plain
  • thought to be the ancestral form
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42
Q

coiling of the shell: conispiral (2)

A
  • coiling creates a spiral in 3D
  • sinistral vs. dextral
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43
Q

sinistral

A

left-handed coiling

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44
Q

dextral

A

right-handed coiling

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45
Q

what class does Subclass Prosobranchia belong to?

A

Class Gastropoda

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46
Q

where can members of Subclass Prosobranchia be found?

A

mainly marine; shelled aquatic snails

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47
Q

Subclass Prosobranchia (2)

what is special about them?

A
  • mantle is modified for form the siphon
  • have an operculum
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48
Q

siphon

A

brings water to the ctenidia

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49
Q

operculum

A

hard covering over the aperture

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50
Q

what Class does Subclass Heterobranchia belong to?

A

Class Gastropoda

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51
Q

Where can members of Subclass Heterobranchia be found? (3)

A

marine, freshwater, and terrestrial snails and slugs

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52
Q

does Subclass Heterobranchia have a shell?

A

it is very reduced or absent

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53
Q

defining feature of Subclass Heterobranchia

origin

A

includes gastropods with a gill origin different from that of other members

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54
Q

what Subclass does Infraclass Euthyneura belong to?

A

Subclass Heterobranchia

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55
Q

Where can members of Infraclass Euthyneura be found? (2)

A

marine and freshwater slugs

56
Q

Do members of Infraclass Euthyneura have a shell?

A

very reduced or absent

57
Q

What do members of Euthyneura have a secondary loss of?

A

torsion

58
Q

What Subclass does Infraclass Pulmonata belong to?

A

Subclass Heterobranchia

Class Gastropoda - Phylum Mollusca

59
Q

where can members of Infraclass Pulmonata be found?

A

land snails and slugs

Phylum Mollusca

60
Q

what have members of Infraclass Pulmonata lost? (2)

c.o.

A
  • ctenidia, they have a vascularized mantle in its place
  • no operculum
61
Q

infaunal

A

live within the sediment rather than on top with mouths facing downward

62
Q

what is the only Class of Mollusca to be exclusively infaunal?

A

Scaphopoda

63
Q

where can members of Class Scaphopoda be found?

A

typically offshore rather than near beaches (marine)

64
Q

what does Class Bivalvia lack?

A

a radula

65
Q

Bivalvia: feeding (2)

A

most are suspension feeders but some are also deposit feeders

66
Q

Bivalvia: respiration

A

they use gills

67
Q

does Class Bivalvia have good senses?

A

no, except scallops that have complex eyes

68
Q

do members of Class Cephalopoda have shells?

A

very reduced, except for the nautilus

69
Q

How do members of Class Cephalopoda move?

A

jet propulsion

70
Q

chromatophores

A

cells used for color change

71
Q

what Class uses chromatophores?

A

Cephalopoda, for camouflage and warning signs

72
Q

What Class uses ink sacks?

A

Cephalopoda

73
Q

Where is ink discharged?

A

through the anus

74
Q

does Class Cephalopoda have good senses?

A

very developed senses and nervous system

75
Q

what are regarded as the most intelligent invertebrates?

A

octopods

76
Q

hemocoel

A

blood-filled body cavity

77
Q

what Class has a hemocoel?

Mollusca

A

Cephalopoda

78
Q

what Class does Subclass Ammonoidea belong to?

A

Cephalopoda

79
Q

Subclass Ammonoidea (2)

A
  • all extinct
  • has distinctive sutures that marked where the septa joined the cell wall
80
Q

what Class does Subclass Nautiloidea belong to?

A

Cephalopoda

81
Q

Subclass Nautiloidea: feeding (2)

A

scavengers and predators of small animals in coral reefs

82
Q

what is the only living Cephalopod with an external shell?

A

the Nautilus

83
Q

Where can Subclass Nautiloidea be found?

A

the tropical indo-pacific

84
Q

what Subclass does Order Decapodiformes belong to?

A

Subclass Coleoidea

85
Q

Order Decapodiformes contain what animals? (2)

A

cuttlefish and squid

86
Q

how is the shell reduced in cuttlefish?

A

the cuttlebone

87
Q

how is the shell reduced in squid?

A

the pen

88
Q

how many arms do members of Order Decapodiformes have?

A

eight arms with two additional tentacles

89
Q

what Subclass does Order Octopodiformes belong to?

A

Subclass Coleoidea

90
Q

where are members of Order Octopodiformes found?

A

all marine habitats, associated with the ocean floor

91
Q

do members of Order Octopodiformes have shells?

A

no

92
Q

Polyplacophora appear segmented because of the eight -valves- (shells). However, internally, they show no signs of segmentation, and it is not known in other Mollusca. What is the most likely explanation for this?

A

The eight shell ‘segmentation’ evolved independently in Polyplacophora

93
Q

What feature is shared by Gastropoda and Polyplacophora?

A

a large muscular foot

94
Q

What factor is responsible for the similarity of the large muscular foot shared by Gastropoda and Polyplacophora?

A

method of locomotion

95
Q

The term ‘slug’ is used to refer to Gastropods that have lost their shell. Evolutionary loss of a shall has occurred more than once. Which feature would you expect to be shared by different groups of slugs?

A

A secondary loss of torsion and reduction/complete loss of a shell

96
Q

the umbo represents what side of the shell?

A

dorsal, so the other end is ventral

97
Q

the umbo points in a direction slightly, this direction is?

A

anterior, so the opposite is posterior

98
Q

where can the hinge ligament be found?

Bivalvia

A

the dorsal side

99
Q

What feature does Scaphopoda and Bivalvia share?

A

a reduced or absent head

100
Q

What explains why Scaphopoda and Bivalvia have a reduced/absent head?

A

their method of feeding

101
Q

A bivalve way of feeding if ecologically most similar to what other organism?

A

sponge

102
Q

Why do you suppose the adductor muscles are so well developed un Bivalvia? (2)

A

to allow bivalves to keep their shells closed as a defense mechanism (scallops) and to help with better filter feeding

103
Q

name the three functions of the gills in Bivalves

A
  1. reproduction
  2. filter feeding
  3. respiration
104
Q

How are the gills of squid and the gills of clams different from one another?

A

The gills of squid functions only in respiration, while in clams they are for respiration, feeding, and reproduction

105
Q

WHy are sensory structures more prevalent on Cephalopoda than on Bivalvia?

A

Because Cephalopods are highly active predators, they have benefited from advances in their sensory organs, particularly vision. Sessile Bivalves do not need these adaptations.

106
Q

what are the four body region characteristic of molluscs?

A
  1. head
  2. foot
  3. visceral mass
  4. mantle
107
Q

Which Subclass/Order(s) has gas-filled chambers?

A

Subclasses Ammonoidea and Nautiloidea

108
Q

Which Subclass/Order(s) has a reduced shell to an internal ‘bone’?

A

Order Decapodiformes

109
Q

Which Subclass/Order(s) has a reduced shell as a ‘pen’?

A

Order Decapodiformes

110
Q

Which Subclass/Order(s) has an absent shell?

A

Order Octopodiformes

111
Q
A

Scaphopodoa

112
Q

Identify the class of the specimen.

A

Class Polyplacophora

Mollusca

113
Q

What is the function of the structure indicated by line D?

A

Locomotion

114
Q

Identify the class of the specimen.

A

Bivalvia

115
Q

What is the function of the structure indicated by line A?

A

the mantle produces the shell

116
Q

Identify the structure indicated by line B.

A

gills

117
Q

What is structure C?

A

gills

118
Q

What is structure A?

A

branchial heart

119
Q

What structure is B?

A

cecum

120
Q

What is the function of the structure indicated by line E?

A

reproduction

121
Q

Is this specimen male or female?

A

female

nidamental glands

122
Q

What structure above indicates the specimen’s sex?

A

nidamental glands (female)

123
Q

What are some features that contribute to squid as a successful predator? (6)

A
  1. well developed eyes
  2. extensible tentacles with suckers
  3. siphons for jet propulsion
  4. fins for maneuvering
  5. closed circulatory system for gas exchange
  6. aerodynamic body
124
Q

The great diversity of molluscs is an example of what evolutionary phenomenon?

A

adaptive radiation

125
Q

The cephalopod eye and the vertebrate eye demonstrate what evolutionary phenomenon?

A

convergent evolution

126
Q

what is this specimen?

A

a Nautilus shell

127
Q

what is this specimen?

A

a Cuttlefish bone
Class Cephalopoda

128
Q
A

A; umbo

129
Q

what are these specimen?

A

Class Bivalvia

130
Q

what specimen made these holes, what Class do they belong to?

A

Shipworms, Class Bivalvia

131
Q

what are these specimen?

A

tusk/tooth shells of Class Scaphopoda

132
Q

what Class/Subclass/Infraclass do these specimen belgong to?

A

Class Gastropoda, Subclass Heterobranchia, Infraclass Euthyneura

133
Q

what Class/Subclass/Infraclass does this specimen belong to?

A

Class Gastropoda, Subclass Heterobranchia, Infraclass Euthyneura

134
Q

what Class/Subclass/Infraclass does this specimen belong to?

A

Class Gastropoda, Subclass Heterobranchia, Infraclass Euthyneura

135
Q
A

Animal Diversity Lab (11 decks)

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