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Animal Diversity Lab > Lab 12 - Chordata II > Flashcards

Lab 12 - Chordata II Flashcards

1
Q

challenges to living on land (6)

A
  1. support
  2. locomotion
  3. gas exchange
  4. desiccation
  5. fertilization
  6. thermal extremes
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2
Q

what are more metabolically variable than other animal phyla?

A

terrestrial chordates

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3
Q

animal metabolism can be classified into two general groups

A
  • ectothermic
  • endothermic
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4
Q

ectoderm

A

does not have the ability to regulate its own body temperature and must reply on the ambient temperature

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5
Q

endotherm

A

can keep its bodily chemical reactions at an optimal temperature

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6
Q

which type of animal is more active, endothermic or ectothermic?

A

endothermic

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7
Q

tetrapods

A

limbed chordates

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8
Q

tetrapods have skeletons that can be divided into two major regions

A
  • axial skeleton
  • appendicular skeleton
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9
Q

muscle in tetrapods are organized in ______ pairs

A

antagonistic

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10
Q

Clade Sarcopterygii includes

A

lobe-finned fish

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11
Q

lobe-finned fish

A

their fins sit at the ends of muscular projections instead of coming alomost

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12
Q

what are the three lineages of Sarcopterygii?

A
  1. Subclass Dipnoi
  2. Subclass Actinistia
  3. Clade Tetrapoda
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13
Q

Subclass Dipnoi has what kind of animals?

A

lungfish

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14
Q

Subclass Actinistia has what kind of animals?

A

coelacanths

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15
Q

Clade Tetrapoda

A

boney vertebrates with four dactylus limbs (limbs with digits)

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16
Q

the tetrapod ancestor had how many fingers/toes per hand?

A

five ! lol

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17
Q

Class Amphibia contains what kinds of animals? (3)

A

frogs, toads, and salamanders

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18
Q

paedomorphosis

A

where sexually mature adults retain juvenile characteristics

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19
Q

some characteristics of Class Amphibia (4)

A
  • ectothermic
  • metamorphosis
  • require water for reproduction
  • three chambered heart
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20
Q

what adaptations do modern Amphibia members have to land? (2)

A

lungs and robust bones

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21
Q

what adaptations do modern Amphibia members have to water? (2)

A

a tail with fin, and external gills

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22
Q

what do neck vertebrae allow you to do that a CHondrichthyes or Actinopterygii cannot?

A

allow the head to move independently from the body

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23
Q

Order Urodela has what kind of animals?

A

salamanders

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24
Q

salamanders have a series of ridges along their abdomen called _____ _____

A

costal grooves

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25
Q

do the toes of members of Order Urodela have claws?

A

no

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26
Q

what direction does the cloacal slit of members of Order Urodela go?

A

longitudinal/anterior-posterior direction

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27
Q

cloaca

A

common opening of both the digestive and reproductive tract

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28
Q

Order Anura has what kind of animals? (2)

A

frogs and toads

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29
Q

what bony remnant of the post-anal tail that was present in the tadpole stage of an Amphibia remains in the adult?

A

projection of the ischium

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30
Q

why are antagonistic pairs of muscles necessary? (2)

A
  • muscles can exert force in only one direction
  • to allow one muscle to counteract the movements of its antagonistic partner
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31
Q

what is true for a single-circuit? (2)

A
  • typically in animals with a 2-chambered heart
  • blood leaving the heart makes a single path to gills/lungs –> tissues and then returns to the heart
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32
Q

what is true for a double-circuit? (2)

A
  • typically in animals with a 3/4 chambered heart
  • has separate pulmonary and systemic branches that route blood to the lungs and the rest of the body, respectively
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33
Q

amniotic egg

A

the egg is special in that structures associated with the egg provide for gas exchange and waste removal

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34
Q

Amniotes have what kind of fertilization?

A

internal

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35
Q

scales are made from…

A

keratin (a fibrous protein)

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36
Q

anapsid skull

A

no holes behind the orbit

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37
Q

the anapsid skull is characteristic of what animal?

A

turtles

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38
Q

synapsid skull

A

one hole behind the orbit

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39
Q

the synapsid skull is characteristic of what animals?

A

mammals and their direct ancestors

40
Q

diapsid skull

A

two holes behind the orbit

41
Q

a diapsid skull is characteristic of what animals? (4)

A

lizards, snakes, crocodilians, and birds

42
Q

the holes of diapsid skulls are used for?

A

muscle attachment

43
Q

Class Reptilia contains what kinds of animals? (5)

A

lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds

44
Q

Clade Testudines have what kind of animals?

A

turtles

45
Q

what is the top portions of turtle shells called?

A

carapace

46
Q

what is the carapace made from?

A

fused ribs, vertebrae, and dermal bone

47
Q

the bottom of turtle shells are called the…

A

plastron

48
Q

what is the plastron composed of?

A

dermal bone

49
Q

what are the ‘scales’ of turtle shells called?

A

scutes

50
Q

what are scutes made from?

A

keratin

51
Q

what group is the only Chordates that has limbs on the inside of their ribcage?

A

Clade Testudines - Turtles

52
Q

turtle hearts have how many chambers?

A

three

53
Q

shunting

A

turtles divert the normal flow of blood away from the lungs and toward the more important organs such as heart/limbs to stay submerged longer

54
Q

Clade Lepidosauria contains what kind of animals? (2)

A

lizards and snakes

55
Q

Lepidosauria is ecto/endothermic.

A

ectothermic

56
Q

which directions do the members of Lepidosauria cloacal slit go in?

A

transversely

57
Q

fossorial

A

burrowing or otherwise living underground

58
Q

what is a non-tetrapod Sarcopterygii found in salt water?

A

coelacanth

59
Q

what groups contain organisms with a non-amniotic egg and tail as an adult?

A

Urodela

60
Q

These features are greatly modified for jumping, label them.

A

Orange: short, stiff vertebral column with no ribs
Blue: elongated limbs and ankle bones
Green: urostyle

61
Q

Label these features of Order Urodela

A

Orange: costal grooves
Green: toes without claws
Blue: longitudinal cloacal slit

62
Q

Class Reptilia contains what Clades? (3)

A
  • Lepidosauria
  • Archosauria
  • Testudines
63
Q

Class Mammalia contains what Clades? (3)

A
  • Monotremata
  • Metatheria
  • Eutheria
64
Q

Amniota contains these two Classes (2)

A

Reptilia and Mammalia

65
Q

Tetrapoda contains these three Classes (3)

A

Amphibia, Reptilia, and Mammalia

66
Q

Clade Archosauria contains what kinds of animals? (3)

A

crocodilians, birds, and dinosaurs

67
Q

Are crocodilians ecto or endothermic?

A

ectothermic

68
Q

are birds ecto or endothermic?

A

endothermic

69
Q

what kind of hearts do crocodilians and birds have?

A

4 chambered heart

70
Q

what kind of reproduction do members of Clade Archosauria have?

A

oviparous

71
Q

Class Aves contains what kind of animals

A

birds

72
Q

what adaptations do birds have for flight? (5)

A
  • hollow limb bones
  • keel on sternum
  • air sacs
  • unidirectional air flow
  • feathers
73
Q

what are feathers used for? (2)

A

flight and thermoregulation

74
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Sarcopterygii
Subclass Actinistia

75
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Sarcopterygii
Subclass Dipnoi

76
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Sarcopterygii
Subclass Dipnoi

77
Q

name these specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Tetrapoda
Class Amphibia
Order Anura

78
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Tetrapods
Class Amphibia
Order Urodela

79
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Tetrapoda
Class Amphibia
Order Anura

80
Q

name these specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Tetrapods
Class Amphibia
Order Urodela

81
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria

82
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria

83
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria

84
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria

85
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria

86
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria

87
Q

name these specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria

88
Q

name these specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria

89
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Archosauria

90
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Archosauria

91
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Archosauria

92
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Archosauria

93
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Archosauria

94
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Archosauria
Feathers

95
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Testudines

96
Q

name this specimen

A

Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Testudines

Animal Diversity Lab (11 decks)

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