Lab 12 - Chordata II Flashcards
challenges to living on land (6)
- support
- locomotion
- gas exchange
- desiccation
- fertilization
- thermal extremes
what are more metabolically variable than other animal phyla?
terrestrial chordates
animal metabolism can be classified into two general groups
- ectothermic
- endothermic
ectoderm
does not have the ability to regulate its own body temperature and must reply on the ambient temperature
endotherm
can keep its bodily chemical reactions at an optimal temperature
which type of animal is more active, endothermic or ectothermic?
endothermic
tetrapods
limbed chordates
tetrapods have skeletons that can be divided into two major regions
- axial skeleton
- appendicular skeleton
muscle in tetrapods are organized in ______ pairs
antagonistic
Clade Sarcopterygii includes
lobe-finned fish
lobe-finned fish
their fins sit at the ends of muscular projections instead of coming alomost
what are the three lineages of Sarcopterygii?
- Subclass Dipnoi
- Subclass Actinistia
- Clade Tetrapoda
Subclass Dipnoi has what kind of animals?
lungfish
Subclass Actinistia has what kind of animals?
coelacanths
Clade Tetrapoda
boney vertebrates with four dactylus limbs (limbs with digits)
the tetrapod ancestor had how many fingers/toes per hand?
five ! lol
Class Amphibia contains what kinds of animals? (3)
frogs, toads, and salamanders
paedomorphosis
where sexually mature adults retain juvenile characteristics
some characteristics of Class Amphibia (4)
- ectothermic
- metamorphosis
- require water for reproduction
- three chambered heart
what adaptations do modern Amphibia members have to land? (2)
lungs and robust bones
what adaptations do modern Amphibia members have to water? (2)
a tail with fin, and external gills
what do neck vertebrae allow you to do that a CHondrichthyes or Actinopterygii cannot?
allow the head to move independently from the body
Order Urodela has what kind of animals?
salamanders
salamanders have a series of ridges along their abdomen called _____ _____
costal grooves
do the toes of members of Order Urodela have claws?
no
what direction does the cloacal slit of members of Order Urodela go?
longitudinal/anterior-posterior direction
cloaca
common opening of both the digestive and reproductive tract
Order Anura has what kind of animals? (2)
frogs and toads
what bony remnant of the post-anal tail that was present in the tadpole stage of an Amphibia remains in the adult?
projection of the ischium
why are antagonistic pairs of muscles necessary? (2)
- muscles can exert force in only one direction
- to allow one muscle to counteract the movements of its antagonistic partner
what is true for a single-circuit? (2)
- typically in animals with a 2-chambered heart
- blood leaving the heart makes a single path to gills/lungs –> tissues and then returns to the heart
what is true for a double-circuit? (2)
- typically in animals with a 3/4 chambered heart
- has separate pulmonary and systemic branches that route blood to the lungs and the rest of the body, respectively
amniotic egg
the egg is special in that structures associated with the egg provide for gas exchange and waste removal
Amniotes have what kind of fertilization?
internal
scales are made from…
keratin (a fibrous protein)
anapsid skull
no holes behind the orbit
the anapsid skull is characteristic of what animal?
turtles
synapsid skull
one hole behind the orbit
the synapsid skull is characteristic of what animals?
mammals and their direct ancestors
diapsid skull
two holes behind the orbit
a diapsid skull is characteristic of what animals? (4)
lizards, snakes, crocodilians, and birds
the holes of diapsid skulls are used for?
muscle attachment
Class Reptilia contains what kinds of animals? (5)
lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds
Clade Testudines have what kind of animals?
turtles
what is the top portions of turtle shells called?
carapace
what is the carapace made from?
fused ribs, vertebrae, and dermal bone
the bottom of turtle shells are called the…
plastron
what is the plastron composed of?
dermal bone
what are the ‘scales’ of turtle shells called?
scutes
what are scutes made from?
keratin
what group is the only Chordates that has limbs on the inside of their ribcage?
Clade Testudines - Turtles
turtle hearts have how many chambers?
three
shunting
turtles divert the normal flow of blood away from the lungs and toward the more important organs such as heart/limbs to stay submerged longer
Clade Lepidosauria contains what kind of animals? (2)
lizards and snakes
Lepidosauria is ecto/endothermic.
ectothermic
which directions do the members of Lepidosauria cloacal slit go in?
transversely
fossorial
burrowing or otherwise living underground
what is a non-tetrapod Sarcopterygii found in salt water?
coelacanth
what groups contain organisms with a non-amniotic egg and tail as an adult?
Urodela
These features are greatly modified for jumping, label them.
Orange: short, stiff vertebral column with no ribs
Blue: elongated limbs and ankle bones
Green: urostyle
Label these features of Order Urodela
Orange: costal grooves
Green: toes without claws
Blue: longitudinal cloacal slit
Class Reptilia contains what Clades? (3)
- Lepidosauria
- Archosauria
- Testudines
Class Mammalia contains what Clades? (3)
- Monotremata
- Metatheria
- Eutheria
Amniota contains these two Classes (2)
Reptilia and Mammalia
Tetrapoda contains these three Classes (3)
Amphibia, Reptilia, and Mammalia
Clade Archosauria contains what kinds of animals? (3)
crocodilians, birds, and dinosaurs
Are crocodilians ecto or endothermic?
ectothermic
are birds ecto or endothermic?
endothermic
what kind of hearts do crocodilians and birds have?
4 chambered heart
what kind of reproduction do members of Clade Archosauria have?
oviparous
Class Aves contains what kind of animals
birds
what adaptations do birds have for flight? (5)
- hollow limb bones
- keel on sternum
- air sacs
- unidirectional air flow
- feathers
what are feathers used for? (2)
flight and thermoregulation
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Sarcopterygii
Subclass Actinistia
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Sarcopterygii
Subclass Dipnoi
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Sarcopterygii
Subclass Dipnoi
name these specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Tetrapoda
Class Amphibia
Order Anura
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Tetrapods
Class Amphibia
Order Urodela
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Tetrapoda
Class Amphibia
Order Anura
name these specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Tetrapods
Class Amphibia
Order Urodela
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria
name these specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria
name these specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Lepidosauria
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Archosauria
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Archosauria
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Archosauria
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Archosauria
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Archosauria
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Archosauria
Feathers
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Testudines
name this specimen
Phylum Chordata
Clade Amniota
Class Reptilia
Clade Testudines