lab 1 - LABORATORY GUIDELINE IN THE LABORATORY Flashcards

1
Q

SAFETY STANDARDS AND AGENCIES

A

-U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA)
-Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
-College of American Pathologists (CAP)
-The Joint Commission (TJC)

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2
Q

A nonprofit educational organization that
provides a forum for the development,
promotion, and use of national and
international standards

A

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

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3
Q

Step by step procedure in SOPs

A

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

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4
Q

Normal values with each laboratory tests

A

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

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5
Q

Different manner of reporting of each
laboratory tests

A

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

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6
Q

Part of the US Department of Health and
Human Services Public Health Service

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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7
Q

Public health information is mandated by the

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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8
Q

focuses on Emerging and notifiable infectious disease to
a certain country or community

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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9
Q

Provide information to the public, what
would be the transmission of a certain
infectious disease, signs, symptoms, and how
would be the virulent factor of this pathogen

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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10
Q

Different levels of organism that we may
encounter in the laboratory, different
classifications right we have the level one
level two level three and level four and with
the classifications of organism we have an
appropriate way on how to handle this kinds
of organism

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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10
Q

Head of the laboratory, they
have an a specialization for the anatomical
and clinical pathology

A

Pathologist

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10
Q

Classification of laboratories
- Has designated area and proper
ventilation, and humidity.
 Primary
 Secondary
 Tertiary

A

The Joint Commission (TJC)

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10
Q

In line with the different facilities

A

The Joint Commission (TJC)

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10
Q

Give the criteria in terms of maintaining the
facilities and adequacy of the working area on
each tab type or classification of laboratory.

A

The Joint Commission (TJC)

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10
Q

Staff must wear ____ and be additionally
protected from contamination by infectious agents.

A

laboratory coats

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10
Q

five general safety practices

A
  1. Staff must wear laboratory coats and be additionally
    protected from contamination by infectious agents.
  2. Food and drinks should not be consumed in work
    areas or stored in the same area as specimens.
    Containers, refrigerators, or freezers used for
    specimens should be marked as containing a
    biohazard.
  3. Specimens needing centrifugation are capped and
    placed into a centrifuge with a sealed dome.
  4. A gauze square is used when opening rubber
    stoppered test tubes to minimize aerosol production
    (introduction of substances into the air).
  5. Auto dilutors or safety bulbs (orange or blue) are
    used for pipetting. Pipetting of any clinical material by
    mouth is strictly forbidden.
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11
Q

Specimens needing centrifugation are __ and __ into a centrifuge with a sealed dome.

A

capped;
placed

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11
Q

A ____is used when opening rubber
stoppered test tubes to minimize aerosol production
(introduction of substances into the air).

A

gauze square

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11
Q

_____ are
used for pipetting. Pipetting of any clinical material by
mouth is strictly forbidden

A

Auto dilutors or safety bulbs (orange or blue)

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11
Q

Universal precautions instituted by the cdc in 1985 to protect health care workers from exposure to what blood borne pathogens?

A

blood borne pathogens, primarily
hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV
which causes
 Syphilis
 Typhoid
 Dengue

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11
Q

____ were instituted by the
CDC in year ___ to protect health-care workers from
exposure to blood-borne pathogens,

A

Universal precautions (UP); 1985

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11
Q

the guideline of UP or universal precautions recommended
-?
-?
-?

A

-Wearing gloves when collecting or handling
blood and body fluids contaminated with
blood
-Wearing face shields when there is a danger of
blood splashing on mucous membranes
- Disposing of all needles and sharp objects in
PUNCTURE RESISTANT CONTAINERS
without recapping
 Fishing technique

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11
Q

A modification of universal precautions

A

Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

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12
Q

Not limited to blood borne pathogens and considers
all body fluids and moist body substances to be
potentially infectious

A

Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

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13
Disadvantage of the guideline is that it does not recommend handwashing after removing gloves unless visual contamination is present
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
14
Protection of healthcare workers for those transmissible infection.
Standard Precautions
15
Assumes every person in the health care setting is potentially infected or colonized by an organism that could be transmitted
Standard Precautions
16
Applies to all blood and body fluids, mucous membranes, and non-intact skin and stresses handwashing.
Standard Precautions
17
To help prevent nosocomial infections, the CDC in 1994 implemented two levels of precautions. what are those 2 level?
The FIRST LEVEL is Standard Precautions The SECOND LEVEL is Isolation Precautions/ Transmission based Precautions
18
19
The level that is the Formerly Universal Precautions
FIRST LEVEL - Standard Precautions
19
This level Specifies precautions to use in caring for all patients regardless of diagnosis or presumed infection status.
FIRST LEVEL - Standard Precautions
19
the level that focuses Protection of healthcare workers, okay for those a transmissible infection
SECOND LEVEL-s Isolation Precautions/ Transmission based Precautions
20
Specifies precautions to use for patients either suspected or known to be infected with certain pathogens transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes.
SECOND LEVEL - Isolation Precautions/ Transmission based Precautions
21
Precautions that are based on how the infectious agent is transmitted.
SECOND LEVEL - Isolation Precautions/ Transmission based Precautions
21
epidemiology check which part aspect of the disease?
 Level of transmission  Incubation period of that particular disease  Signs and symptoms  Level of the fatality
22
are used less often and only with patients who have specific infections
Isolation precautions
22
Are to be used for patients known or suspected to be infected or colonized with highly transmissible or epidemiologically significant pathogens that require special precautions in addition to standard precautions.
TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS/ ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
22
The occurrence and pattern of a specific disease
Epidemiology
22
3 isolation precautions
airborne, droplet, and contact
23
an isolation precaution for patients known or suspected to be infected with microorganisms transmitted by droplet nuclei (particles SMALLER than 5 m).
airborne precautions
23
an isolation precaution for patients known or suspected to be infected with microorganisms transmitted by droplet nuclei (particles LARGER than 5 m).
droplet precautions
24
an isolation for nuclei that is generated when a patient talks, coughs, or sneezes and during certain procedures such as suctioning.
droplets precautions
24
an isolation when a patient is known or suspected to be infected or colonized with epidemiologically important microorganisms that can be transmitted by direct contact with the patient or indirect contact with surfaces or patient-care items. SAFE WORK PRACTICES FOR INFECTION CONT
coontact precaution
25
The use of ______ is an approach to infection control that prevents occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens
CDC Standard Precautions
26
27
requires laboratories to have a personal protective equipment (PPE) program.  Selection and Use of Gloves  Facial Barrier Protection and Occlusive Bandages  Laboratory Coats or Gowns as Barrier
OSHA
27
Hands should always be washed at the which times
1. before patient contact, when gloves are removed 2. prior to leaving the work area 3. Whenever the hands have been knowingly contaminated 4. Before going to designated break areas, and before and after using bathroom facilities.
28
how to Remove gloves properly.
(a) Grasp the outside edge near the wrist. Peel away from the hand, turning the glove inside out. Hold the glove in opposite gloved hand  Pinch the center palm (b) Hold the contaminated glove in the gloved hand while removing the second glove. .(c) Slide the ungloved finger under the wrist of the remaining glove. Peel off from inside, creating a bag for both gloves, and then discard
28
Types of safety hazard
Biological Sharps Chemical Radioactive Electrical Fire/explosive Physical
29
source of biological hazards
Infectious agents
29
possible injury for biological hazard
Bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic infectious
29
source of sharp hazard
needles, lancets, broken glass
30
possible injury of sharp hazards
Cuts, punctures, or blood-borne pathogen exposure
31
source of chemical hazard
preservatives and reagents
32
source of radioactive hazard
equipment and radioisotopes
33
possible injury of chemical hazard
exposure to toxic, carcinogenic, or caustic agents
34
possible injury of radioactive hazzard
radiation exposure
35
possible injury of electrical hazard
burns or shock
35
source of electrical hazard
ungrounded or wet equipment: frayed cords
36
source of fire or explosive hazard
bunsen burners, organic chemicals
37
possible injury of fire/explosive
burns or dismemberment
38
source f physical hazard
wet floors, heavy boxes, patients
39
a type of hazard encountered in Nuclear medicine
radioactive
39
possible injury of physical hazard
falls, sprains, or stains
40
ergonomic positions are related to which hazard?
physical hazard
41
All of the majority of the laboratory tests for that particular section of the laboratory are done through that particular radio isotopes. Ex. MIR, CT scan, and PET scan which hazard is it related?
radioactive hazard
42
this would be a specific term for safe handling the blood and other biological substances that is very risk for us
BIOSAFETY
43
A term used to describe the safe handling of biological substances that pose a risk to health.
BIOSAFETY
44
Biological hazards can be encountered in a healthcare setting on a daily basis true or false
true
45
Healthcare personnel must be able to recognize them in order to take the precautions necessary to ______ or ____ exposure to them
eliminate or minimize
45
For the protection of ourselves to not be harmed
BIOHAZARD
45
Anything harmful or potentially harmful to health is called a biohazard (short for biological hazard)
BIOHAZARD
46
biohazard should be identified by what?
by a biohazard symbol
46
Most laboratory specimens have the potential to contain infectious agents, they are considered _____.
biohazards
46
solution used for potentially infectious agents
Sodium hypochlorite solution - Household bleach (1:10 dilution)
47
The most likely source of infection in serological testing is through _____
contact with patient specimens
47
The chain of infection requires a continuous link between three elements: what are those?
a source, a method of transmission, and a susceptible host
47
The ultimate goal of biological safety is to ____
prevent completion of the chain by preventing transmission.
48
Strict adherence to guidelines published by these two agencies is essential
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
49
All biological waste, must be placed in appropriate containers labeled with
the biohazard symbol
50
all biological waste, except _____, must be placed in appropriate containers labeled with the biohazard symbol
urine
51
Any supplies contaminated with BLOOD AND BODY FLUID must also be disposed of in containers clearly marked with the biohazard symbol or with what color coding?
with red or yellow color-coding RED sharps; YELLOW infectious
52
Contaminated non-disposable equipment, blood spills, and blood and body fluid processing areas must be disinfected. The most commonly used disinfectant is a ______ prepared weekly and stored in a plastic, not a glass, bottle
1:10 dilution of sodium hypochlorite (household bleach)
52
how do we disposed urine?
URINE is poured within the sink and use running water to drain
53
The term _____is applied to any infectious microorganism present in blood and other body fluids and tissues
blood-borne pathogen (BBP)
54
Most common BBP in immunology and serology:
Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B and HIV.
54
The best defense against HBV infection is
vaccination
55
Vaccination consists of a series of three equal intramuscular injections of vaccine: what are those?
an initial dose, a second dose 1 month after the first, and a third dose 6 months following the initial dose
56
The vaccine also protects against ____-since it can only be contracted concurrently with HBV infection
HDV
56
the success of immunization and proof of immunity against HBV are can be determined after how many months since the last vaccination dose. There will be a blood test done that will detect the presence of the hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) in the serum
1-2 months
57
In which sample we can see the HBV?
present in blood and other body fluids such as urine, semen, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and saliva.
58
TRUE OR FALSE
HBV can't survive up to a week in dried blood on work surfaces, equipment, telephones, and other objects
59
In a healthcare setting, it is primarily transmitted through ____ (a Single ____ can transmit HBV) and other sharps injuries and Contact with contaminated equipment, objects, surfaces, aerosols, spills, and splashes
needlesticks
60
In nonmedical settings, it is transmitted primarily through ____
sexual contact and sharing of dirty needles.
61
has become the most widespread chronic bloodborne illness in the United States.
HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV)
62
Hepa variant that has No vaccine is currently available.
HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV)
63
Found to be the primary cause of non-A, non-B hepatitis.
HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV)
64
is found primarily in blood and serum, less frequently in saliva, and seldom in urine and semen.
HCV
64
It can enter the body in the same manner as HBV. However, infection primarily occurs after large or multiple exposures
HCV
64
attacks the body’s immune system, causing AIDS by leaving the body susceptible to opportunistic infections.
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
65
caused by organisms that would not ordinarily be pathogens to a normal healthy individual.
Opportunistic infections
65
HIV infection has a poor ___ and is of great concern to healthcare workers Poor ____because we have different stages of HIV like acute stage (fever for 2 to 4 weeks), latent stage (3 to 20 years asymptomatic) and late stage (AIDS).
prognosis
65
HIV can be isolated from
blood, semen, saliva, tears, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, breast milk, cervical secretions, and tissue of infected persons
66
The number-one personal safety rule when handling needles is to _____
never manually recap one
67
Devices available for needle disposal:
 needle holders that become a sheath  needles that automatically re-sheath or become blunt  Needles with attached sheathes.
68
All sharps must be disposed of in _____
puncture-resistant, leak-proof containers labeled with the biohazard symbol
68
The Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne pathogens Standard became law on what year
1991
69
the regulation to protect heath care workers from blood borne pathogens are monitored and enforced by what agency?
OSHA
69
It requires all employers to have a written Bloodborne Pathogen Exposure Control Plan and to provide necessary protection, free of charge, for employees.
The Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne pathogens Standard
70
Specifics of the OSHA standard include the following:
Requiring all employees to practice universal (standard) precautions. Providing lab coats, gowns, face shields, and gloves to employees and providing laundry facilities for non-disposable protective clothing Providing sharps disposal containers and prohibiting recapping of needles. Prohibiting eating, drinking, smoking, and applying cosmetics in the work area. Labeling all biohazardous materials and containers.
70
Is the immunization for HBV free?
yes
71
OSHA’S EXPOSURE CONTROL PLAN Categories of Exposure:
category I, II, III
71
WHAT IS THE CATEGORY I in categories of exposure
- daily exposure to blood and body fluids
71
WHAT IS THE CATEGORY III in categories of exposure
no exposure to blood and body fluids
71
WHAT IS THE CATEGORY II in categories of exposure
regular exposure to blood and body fluids
72
The disinfectant of choice for bloodborne pathogens is
sodium hypochlorite (household bleach freshly diluted 1:10)
73
In chemical hazards, Preparing reagents must be in ?
under a fume hood
73
true or false Chemicals should NEVER be mixed together, unless specific instructions are followed, and must be added in the order specified
true
74
Describes hazards, safe handling, storage, and disposal hazardous chemicals
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)
75
Each MSDS contains basic information about the specific chemical or product list them up
trade name, chemical name and synonyms, chemical family, manufacturer’s name and address, emergency telephone number for further information about the chemical, hazardous ingredients, physical data, fire and explosion data, and health hazard and protection information.
76
Describes the effects of overexposure or exceeding the threshold limit value of allowable exposure for an employee in an 8-hour day.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)
77
Describes protective personal clothing and equipment requirements, first aid practices, spill information and disposal procedures.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)
78
Hazardous chemical waste should be disposed of as per the current ___ regulations
EPA - Environment protection agency
78
They also trach the disposal of hazardous chemical waste aside EPA
Local regulations and the Department of Transportation
79
Many kits used in testing contain ____, which can be disposed of by flushing down the drain with plenty of water to avoid buildup in plumbing
sodium azide
80
is encountered in the clinical laboratory when procedures using radioisotopes, such radioimmunoassay are performed.
Radioactivity
81
Radiation is bad for pregnant women; _____ (may lead to birth defects of the fetus)
teratogenic
82
Disposal of radioactive waste is regulated by the _____
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
83
what should we do r before unplugging the equipment or moving the equipment using a non-conductive glass or wood object
turn off the circuit breaker
84
what to do When a fire discovered?
remember RACE R - rescue A - alarm C - contain E - extinguish/evacuate
85
class A fire
CLASS A - Ordinary combustible, solid materials (paper, wood
86
Class B fire
Flammable liquids/gasses and combustible petroleum products
87
Class D
- Combustible/ reactive metals (Mg, Na, K
87
Class C fire
- Energized electrical equipment
88
Class B extinguishers
Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to smother the fire
89
Class E
Detonation
89
Class A extinguishers
Use soda and acid or water to cool the fire
90
Class ABC (multipurpose) extinguisher
Use dry chemical reagents to smother the fire.  They can be used on class A, B, and C fires.
91
Class K extinguishers
Use a potassium-based alkaline liquid specifically formulated to fight high temperature grease, oil, or fat fires by cooling and smothering them without splashing Some class K extinguishers can also be used on class A, B, and C fires
92