finals - fungal

Question 1

__ are microorganisms that survive by living off of other organisms, referred to as
hosts.

Answer 1

Parasites

Question 2

Three types of organisms may cause parasitic infections:

Answer 2

protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites.

Question 3

Defenses to parasitic infection involve both ___ immune
mechanisms

Answer 3

innate and acquired (adaptive)

Question 4

The ____ immune response may result in the destruction and removal
of the parasite, thus preventing establishment of an infection.

Answer 4

innate or nonspecific

Question 5

The nonspecific immune defenses can include activation of cells that may destroy the
parasite by ____,

Answer 5

phagocytosis

Question 6

The nonspecific immune defenses can include activation of cells that may release of cytokines such as: ___

Answer 6

TNF-α, IL-1, IL-10, IL-12, type I

Question 7

The nonspecific immune defenses can include ____ resulting in enhanced recognition by the immune system

Answer 7

complement system

Question 8

If the innate immunity is unsuccessful in eliminating the parasite, the parasite may be
eliminated through activation of the ___ immune responses.

Answer 8

adaptive

Question 9

activation of adaptive immune response, This results in either
a _____ to the parasite

Answer 9

humoral or a cell-mediated response

Question 10

level 1 interaction - natural resistance

Answer 10

no invasion of host by parasite

Question 11

level 2 - symbiosis

Answer 11

colonization of host with parasite with benefit to both

Question 12

level 3 - commesalism

Answer 12

colonization of host with parasite with no benefit or harm

Question 13

level 4 - sterilizing immunity

Answer 13

parasite invades host and causes disease; host develops immunity and is cured

Question 14

level 5 - concomitant immunity

Answer 14

parasite invades host and causes disease; host develops an immune response and has some resistance to the parasite but is not cured

Question 15

level 6 - ineffective immunity

Answer 15

parasite invades host and causes disease; host does not develop resistance to the parasite ad is not cured

Question 16

___ antibodies are best known for their role in allergic reactions

Answer 16

IgE

Question 17

Play an important role in the defense against parasites such as helminths,
which are too large to be phagocytized

Answer 17

IgE Antibodies

Question 18

Killing of the parasites is accomplished by ___

Answer 18

ADCC (Antibody-dependent
cellular cytotoxicity).

Question 19

In this mechanism, the _____ portions of the parasite-specific IgE antibodies
bind to specific receptors on the surface of eosinophils, which are then
stimulated to release ______ from their granules that destroy the parasite.

Answer 19

Fc; enzymes

Question 20

The concentration of IgE and the number of eosinophils in the peripheral
blood are ____, indicating their importance in defense against parasitic
infections.

Answer 20

increased

Question 21

___ represents a large heterogeneous group of
eukaryotic organisms that are ubiquitous in the environment.

Answer 21

Fungi

Question 22

Fungi can either be considered as _____,
deriving their nutrition from living matter, or
more commonly as _____, living off of
dead and decaying matter.

Answer 22

parasites; saprophytes

Question 23

The first line of innate defense includes ____ that provide physical barriers that separate the host from the environment.

Answer 23

skin and the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and
genitourinary tracts

Question 24

If the fungi penetrate the physical barriers, there are a variety of innate mechanisms for recognizing the organism.

Innate immune cells express various ______receptors that recognize specific structures and
molecules present on bacteria and fungi.

Answer 24

pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 25

These structures and molecules of the organism, called ____ are
conserved among microbial species.

Answer 25

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs),

Question 26

PRRs on the innate immune cells (____ ) initiate the immune response by sensing and recognizing the presence of PAMPs present on the bacteria, fungi, or viruses.

Answer 26

phagocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells