finals - fungal Flashcards
__ are microorganisms that survive by living off of other organisms, referred to as
hosts.
Parasites
Three types of organisms may cause parasitic infections:
protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites.
Defenses to parasitic infection involve both ___ immune
mechanisms
innate and acquired (adaptive)
The ____ immune response may result in the destruction and removal
of the parasite, thus preventing establishment of an infection.
innate or nonspecific
The nonspecific immune defenses can include activation of cells that may destroy the
parasite by ____,
phagocytosis
The nonspecific immune defenses can include activation of cells that may release of cytokines such as: ___
TNF-α, IL-1, IL-10, IL-12, type I
The nonspecific immune defenses can include ____ resulting in enhanced recognition by the immune system
complement system
If the innate immunity is unsuccessful in eliminating the parasite, the parasite may be
eliminated through activation of the ___ immune responses.
adaptive
activation of adaptive immune response, This results in either
a _____ to the parasite
humoral or a cell-mediated response
level 1 interaction - natural resistance
no invasion of host by parasite
level 2 - symbiosis
colonization of host with parasite with benefit to both
level 3 - commesalism
colonization of host with parasite with no benefit or harm
level 4 - sterilizing immunity
parasite invades host and causes disease; host develops immunity and is cured
level 5 - concomitant immunity
parasite invades host and causes disease; host develops an immune response and has some resistance to the parasite but is not cured
level 6 - ineffective immunity
parasite invades host and causes disease; host does not develop resistance to the parasite ad is not cured
___ antibodies are best known for their role in allergic reactions
IgE
Play an important role in the defense against parasites such as helminths,
which are too large to be phagocytized
IgE Antibodies
Killing of the parasites is accomplished by ___
ADCC (Antibody-dependent
cellular cytotoxicity).
In this mechanism, the _____ portions of the parasite-specific IgE antibodies
bind to specific receptors on the surface of eosinophils, which are then
stimulated to release ______ from their granules that destroy the parasite.
Fc; enzymes
The concentration of IgE and the number of eosinophils in the peripheral
blood are ____, indicating their importance in defense against parasitic
infections.
increased
___ represents a large heterogeneous group of
eukaryotic organisms that are ubiquitous in the environment.
Fungi
Fungi can either be considered as _____,
deriving their nutrition from living matter, or
more commonly as _____, living off of
dead and decaying matter.
parasites; saprophytes
The first line of innate defense includes ____ that provide physical barriers that separate the host from the environment.
skin and the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and
genitourinary tracts
If the fungi penetrate the physical barriers, there are a variety of innate mechanisms for recognizing the organism.
Innate immune cells express various ______receptors that recognize specific structures and
molecules present on bacteria and fungi.
pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)
These structures and molecules of the organism, called ____ are
conserved among microbial species.
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs),
PRRs on the innate immune cells (____ ) initiate the immune response by sensing and recognizing the presence of PAMPs present on the bacteria, fungi, or viruses.
phagocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
