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General Biology I > Lab 1-4 review > Flashcards

Lab 1-4 review Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term population, community, ecosystem and biome

A

Population: group of species/individuals in the same area
Community: all the populations occupying a given area
Biome: geographic areas distinguished by types of dominant plants
Ecosystem: community combined with physical environment

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2
Q

Why are there never more than 4 or 5 trophic levels

A

Because only about 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level, otherwise there would be too much loss of energy

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3
Q

Majority of toxic chemicals released in the environment are more lipid or water soluble?

A

Lipid soluble, enabling them to enter through the plasma membrane of aquatic organisms

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4
Q

Differentiate autotrophs and heterotrophs

A

Autotrophs produce and heterotrophs consume

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5
Q

Why is there such a big difference between the biomass of primary producers and the rest?

A

to compensate for the energy loss

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6
Q

give examples of biological resources and non biological resoures

A

biological: wild animals, plants and forests
non biological: water, sunlight

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of symbiosis relationship

A

Mutualism: both parties benefit
Commensalism: only the symbiont benefits, host is unaffected
Parasitism: symbiont benefits at the expense of the host

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8
Q

Give the overall equation describing Photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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9
Q

Give the overall equation describing Cellular Respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

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10
Q

what is an energy pyramid

A

it’s the loss of energy as you are going up a food chain

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11
Q

define resolution

A

clarity of the image, the least distance between 2 points at which they can be seen as distinct

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12
Q

what is parfocal

A

it’s when all your lenses keep the same plane of focus even after adjusting magnification

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13
Q

what is magnification

A

ratio image size to the actual size

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14
Q

what is depth of focus, what would a wide depth of focus result in

A

vertical distance of an object in focus at any giving point
a wide depth of focus will allow a clear image on multiple levels of depth

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15
Q

how is depth of focus inversely related to magnification

A

because the higher the magnification, the narrower the depth of focus and the lower the magnification the wider the depth of focus is

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16
Q

what is inversion in microscopes

A

when the resulting image is flipped upside down and reversed in position

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16
Q

what is the orientation of the image, direction of movement and the light source of compound microscope

A
  1. reversed and inverted
  2. the movement is opposite
  3. light source is transmitted
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17
Q

what is the orientation of the image, direction of movement and the light source of dissecting microscope

A
  1. normal
  2. normal
  3. reflected light
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18
Q

what objective gives the highest field of view

A

scanning objective

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19
Q

what objective gives the lowest depth of focus

A

oil immersion objective

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20
Q

how do you calculate Low Power Diameter

A

SPM/LPM x Scanning power diameter

21
Q

define osmosis

A

diffusion of a solvent through a semi permeable membrane through which the solute cannot pass

22
Q

what is hemolysis

A

in order to maintain osmolarity between the internal and external environment, water will enter the cell, if the volume increases too much and ruptures the cell membrane, the hemoglobin spills out of the cell

23
Q

what does the rate of passage across the membrane depends on

A
  1. lipid solubility (partition coefficient)
  2. size of the substance
24
Q

how do we calculate partition coefficient

A

solubility of x in lipid/solubility of x in water

25
Q

do non polar compounds enter the cell rapidly? why

A

non polar compounds are MORE soluble in lipids than water, giving them a high partition coefficient and the ability to enter cells rapidly (by simple diffusion)

26
Q

do polar compounds enter the cell rapidly, why

A

nonionic polar compounds are generally LESS soluble in lipids than in water, giving them a low partition coefficient and making them enter cells at a slower rate

27
Q

how can size of the molecule affect the rate of passage

A

in general, a smaller molecule cross faster than a bigger one

28
Q

will a short carbon chain be more lipid soluble than a long charbon chain or not

A

no, the longer carbon chain will me more lipid soluble

29
Q

which has a higher partition coefficient between a nonionic compound and an ionic compound

A

the nonionic compound will have higher partition coefficient

30
Q

what affects molecular size (molecular diameter)

A
  1. configuration
  2. symmetry (asymmetrical having larger effective diameter)
  3. hydration (molecules with water will be larger)
  4. molar mass
31
Q

define dialysis

A

it’s the diffusion of solute across a semi permeable membrane

32
Q

define osmosis

A

it’s the diffusion of solvent (often h2o) from a hypotonic or hypertonic solution across a semi permeable membrane

33
Q
A
34
Q
A
35
Q

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis is the process of producing 2 daughter nuclei that are exact replica of the parent nucleus, resulting in 2 daughter cells that are more or less identical

mitosis is responsible for regeneration, growth and more

36
Q

what do we call the cells in our body

A

somatic cells

37
Q

what is asexual reproduction what are its advantages

A
  • when a single parent splits by mitosis to produce two or more genetically identical offspring
  • the advantages are that it’s a rapid process and you only need one individual
  • they are vulnerable to change in their environment
38
Q

what is sexual reproduction and what are its advantages and disadvantages

A
  • sexual reproduction require two parents, each contributes chromosomes to the offspring by gametes/sex cells which unite during fertilization to form a single cell called zygote
  • because it’s a mix of genetic information, the variation allows organisms to evolve in response to the demands of their environment
  • it’s costly and it requires two individuals of opposite sex
39
Q

what is the difference between diploid and haploid

A
  • diploid cells contain 2 sets of each chromosome (somatic cells)
  • haploid cells contain 1 set of each chromosome (gametes)
40
Q

what happens during interphase G1

A

period of growth of the cytoplasmic material and all of its organelles

41
Q

during the interphase, in what state does chromosomes exist in

A

in an uncoiled stated called chromatin

42
Q

what happens during synthesis phase in interphase

A

synthesis of DNA (duplication of chromosomes)

43
Q

what happens during interphase G2

A

structures involved in mitosis such as spindle fibers are synthesized

44
Q

what are the phases of mitosis in order

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
45
Q

what are the male and female germ cells called

A

male: spermatogonia (become primary spermatocytes for meiosis)
female: oogonia (become primary oocytes for meiosis)

46
Q

what is a tetrad

A

a paired group of 4 chromatids

47
Q

what does crossing-over mean

A

an exchange of genetic material between homologues (chromosomes)

48
Q

describe the life cycle in animal eukaryotes

A
  • Adult diploid going through meiosis
  • Gametes (haploid cells) fuse during fertilization
  • Results in a diploid zygote
49
Q

describe the life cycle in plants/algae eukaryotes

A
  • after gametes fuse they produce diploid zygote cell
  • zygote cell immediately undergoes meiosis to form haploid spore
  • haploid spore grows into haploid adult
  • adult haploid releases spore, gametes are produced by mitosis
50
Q

what are the stages of early embryonic development in animals

A
  1. zygote
  2. eight cell stage
  3. blastula
  4. gastrulation

General Biology I (11 decks)

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