Lab 1-4 review Flashcards
Define the term population, community, ecosystem and biome
Population: group of species/individuals in the same area
Community: all the populations occupying a given area
Biome: geographic areas distinguished by types of dominant plants
Ecosystem: community combined with physical environment
Why are there never more than 4 or 5 trophic levels
Because only about 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level, otherwise there would be too much loss of energy
Majority of toxic chemicals released in the environment are more lipid or water soluble?
Lipid soluble, enabling them to enter through the plasma membrane of aquatic organisms
Differentiate autotrophs and heterotrophs
Autotrophs produce and heterotrophs consume
Why is there such a big difference between the biomass of primary producers and the rest?
to compensate for the energy loss
give examples of biological resources and non biological resoures
biological: wild animals, plants and forests
non biological: water, sunlight
what are the 3 types of symbiosis relationship
Mutualism: both parties benefit
Commensalism: only the symbiont benefits, host is unaffected
Parasitism: symbiont benefits at the expense of the host
Give the overall equation describing Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Give the overall equation describing Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
what is an energy pyramid
it’s the loss of energy as you are going up a food chain
define resolution
clarity of the image, the least distance between 2 points at which they can be seen as distinct
what is parfocal
it’s when all your lenses keep the same plane of focus even after adjusting magnification
what is magnification
ratio image size to the actual size
what is depth of focus, what would a wide depth of focus result in
vertical distance of an object in focus at any giving point
a wide depth of focus will allow a clear image on multiple levels of depth
how is depth of focus inversely related to magnification
because the higher the magnification, the narrower the depth of focus and the lower the magnification the wider the depth of focus is
what is inversion in microscopes
when the resulting image is flipped upside down and reversed in position
what is the orientation of the image, direction of movement and the light source of compound microscope
- reversed and inverted
- the movement is opposite
- light source is transmitted
what is the orientation of the image, direction of movement and the light source of dissecting microscope
- normal
- normal
- reflected light
what objective gives the highest field of view
scanning objective
what objective gives the lowest depth of focus
oil immersion objective
how do you calculate Low Power Diameter
SPM/LPM x Scanning power diameter
define osmosis
diffusion of a solvent through a semi permeable membrane through which the solute cannot pass
what is hemolysis
in order to maintain osmolarity between the internal and external environment, water will enter the cell, if the volume increases too much and ruptures the cell membrane, the hemoglobin spills out of the cell
what does the rate of passage across the membrane depends on
- lipid solubility (partition coefficient)
- size of the substance
how do we calculate partition coefficient
solubility of x in lipid/solubility of x in water
do non polar compounds enter the cell rapidly? why
non polar compounds are MORE soluble in lipids than water, giving them a high partition coefficient and the ability to enter cells rapidly (by simple diffusion)
do polar compounds enter the cell rapidly, why
nonionic polar compounds are generally LESS soluble in lipids than in water, giving them a low partition coefficient and making them enter cells at a slower rate
how can size of the molecule affect the rate of passage
in general, a smaller molecule cross faster than a bigger one
will a short carbon chain be more lipid soluble than a long charbon chain or not
no, the longer carbon chain will me more lipid soluble
which has a higher partition coefficient between a nonionic compound and an ionic compound
the nonionic compound will have higher partition coefficient
what affects molecular size (molecular diameter)
- configuration
- symmetry (asymmetrical having larger effective diameter)
- hydration (molecules with water will be larger)
- molar mass
define dialysis
it’s the diffusion of solute across a semi permeable membrane
define osmosis
it’s the diffusion of solvent (often h2o) from a hypotonic or hypertonic solution across a semi permeable membrane
what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis
mitosis is the process of producing 2 daughter nuclei that are exact replica of the parent nucleus, resulting in 2 daughter cells that are more or less identical
mitosis is responsible for regeneration, growth and more
what do we call the cells in our body
somatic cells
what is asexual reproduction what are its advantages
- when a single parent splits by mitosis to produce two or more genetically identical offspring
- the advantages are that it’s a rapid process and you only need one individual
- they are vulnerable to change in their environment
what is sexual reproduction and what are its advantages and disadvantages
- sexual reproduction require two parents, each contributes chromosomes to the offspring by gametes/sex cells which unite during fertilization to form a single cell called zygote
- because it’s a mix of genetic information, the variation allows organisms to evolve in response to the demands of their environment
- it’s costly and it requires two individuals of opposite sex
what is the difference between diploid and haploid
- diploid cells contain 2 sets of each chromosome (somatic cells)
- haploid cells contain 1 set of each chromosome (gametes)
what happens during interphase G1
period of growth of the cytoplasmic material and all of its organelles
during the interphase, in what state does chromosomes exist in
in an uncoiled stated called chromatin
what happens during synthesis phase in interphase
synthesis of DNA (duplication of chromosomes)
what happens during interphase G2
structures involved in mitosis such as spindle fibers are synthesized
what are the phases of mitosis in order
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
what are the male and female germ cells called
male: spermatogonia (become primary spermatocytes for meiosis)
female: oogonia (become primary oocytes for meiosis)
what is a tetrad
a paired group of 4 chromatids
what does crossing-over mean
an exchange of genetic material between homologues (chromosomes)
describe the life cycle in animal eukaryotes
- Adult diploid going through meiosis
- Gametes (haploid cells) fuse during fertilization
- Results in a diploid zygote
describe the life cycle in plants/algae eukaryotes
- after gametes fuse they produce diploid zygote cell
- zygote cell immediately undergoes meiosis to form haploid spore
- haploid spore grows into haploid adult
- adult haploid releases spore, gametes are produced by mitosis
what are the stages of early embryonic development in animals
- zygote
- eight cell stage
- blastula
- gastrulation
