Chapter 3.2.4 Kingdom Animalia Part 1 & 2 Flashcards
describe the two types of symmetry
radial symmetry
- top and bottom
- no front and back
- no left or right
bilateral symmetry
- top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral)
- front (anterior) and back (posterior)
- left and right side
what is cephalization in bilateral animals
evolutionary trend toward concentration of sensory equipment at anterior end of body (the head)
if an animal is sessile (live attached to substrate) or planktonic (drifting, weakly swimming), what type of symmetry fits its lifestyle
radial symmetry
- can meet environment equally from all sides
if an animal move more and with direction, what type of symmetry fits its lifestyle
bilateral symmetry
what differentiates ectoderm and endoderm
ectoderm
- germ layer covering surface of embryo
- outer covering of animal and sometimes central nervous system
endoderm
- innermost germ layer
- lines archenteron
- produces lining of digestive tract/cavity
what does diploblastic mean
- animals with only ectoderm and endoderm
what does triploblastic mean
- animals with 3 germs layers, mesoderm between ectoderm and endoderm
what is the function of mesoderm
- forms muscles and organs between digestive tract and outer covering
what is the name of the body cavity that most triploblastic animals have
coelom
- fluid or air filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall
what do we call animals with true coelom completely lined with mesoderm
coelomates
what do we call animals with a body cavity formed from mesoderm and endoderm
pseudocoelomates
what do we call animals with no body cavity
acoelomates
what are the 3 main functions of body cavitites
- fluid cushions suspended organs
- fluid may act as a skeleton
- allows internal organs to grow and act independently
difference in cleavage between protostome and deuterostome development
protostomes
1. cleavage
- display spiral, determinate (programmed to be a specific part) cleavage
deuterostomes
- display radial, indeterminate (not programmed to be anything specific) cleavage
difference in coelom formation between protostome and deuterostome development
protostomes
- solid masses of cells split to form body cavity/coelom
deuterostomes
- buds from wall of archenteron and cavity becomes coelom
difference in the fate of blastopore between protostomes and deuterostomes
protostomes
- mouth develops from blastopore
deuterostomes
- anus forms from blastopore
main characteristics of porifera sponges
- asymmetrical or radially symmetrical
- no true tissues
- most are marine
- sedentary
how does suspension feeding works
- captured food particles are suspended in water and pass through their body
- water enters spongocoel
- water flows out of osculum
what are the different types of cells in sponges
- Choanocytes, line spongocoel
- Amoebocytes: intra cellular digestion
most are hermaphroditic
what are the cnidaria
- hydras, jellyfish, corals
- radial symmetry
- diploblastic
what is the body plan of cnidaria
sac with gastrovascular cavity
- one opening to cavity (incomplete digestion (doesn’t have 2 holes))
- simple nervous system
what are the two major body forms of cnidaria and their characteristics
Polyp
- extend tentacles and wait for prey
- mouth up
- adhere to substrate (any surface) with aboral end (bottom end)
Medusa
- tentacles dangle from oral surface
- moves passively or contracts body
- mouth down
true of false some cnidaria can have both polyp and medusa body forms in their life cycle
true
what are the uses of tentacles
- to capture prey
- direct food toward opening of gastrovascular cavity
- defense
what are cnidocytes
specialized cells with nematocyst
- organelle housing stinging thread
- can be discharged and explode outward
- puncture or inject poison
main characteristics of platyhelminthes
- bilateral symmetry
- triploblastic
- acoelomates
- damp environments
- free living parasitic groups
what explains the flattened shape of platyhelminthes
- all their cells are close to water (environment)
- allows gas exchange and elimination of waste by diffusion across body surface
(flat shape maximizes surface area for efficient exchange) - gastrovascular cavity, in flat body food doesn’t have to travel a lot, it branches to animal’s cells
true or false playhelminthes does complete digestion
false, incomplete
gastrovascular cavity with one opening
what are the three main groups of platyhelminthes
- planarians
- flukes
- tapeworms
characteristics or planarians
- free living
- eyespots
- simple nervous system
characteristics of flukes
- parasitic
- require different hosts for different life cycle
- alternating sexual and asexual stages
main characteristics of tapeworms
- parasitic inside vertebrates
- no mouth or gastrovascular cavity, absorb nutrients across body wall
- have scolex (suckers for attachment)
how do tapeworms reproduce
sections called proglottids (reproductive structures) detach from parent and leaves host
characteristics of nematoda
roundworms
- bilateral symmetry
- triploblastic
- pseudocoelomates
- protostomes
- complete digestive tract
- no circulatory system
main characteristics of annelids
segmented worms
- bilateral symmetry
- triploblastic coelomates
- protostomes
- complete digestive system
- damp environment
digestion in annelids
crop
- stores food
gizzard
- grinds food
intestine
- digestion and absorption
does annalids have a close or open circulatory system
closed
- dorsal vessel above digestive tube
what is interstitial fluid called in an open circulatory system
hemolymph
how does annelids separate their interstitial fluid and their blood
with their close circulatory system
what are mollusks and their main info
- Bilateral symmetric
- Triploblastic
- True coelomates
- Protostome
- Have a complete digestive tract (gut)
- Soft bodied (secrete calcium carbonate for shell)
characteristics of the body plan of mollusks
- muscular foot for movement
- visceral mass (internal organs) on top
- have organ called mantle to secrete shell
purpose of mantle cavity
contains gills, anus and excretory pores
do most mollusks have open or close circulatory system
open circulatory system
- except for squid and octopuses
what are arthropods
- includes insects, crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes
- exist in almost all habitats
- very abundant (2/3 of all known species)
main characteristics of arthropods
- hard exoskeleton (made from chitin)
- bilateral symmetry
- triploblastic
- coelomate
- protostome
what are the benefits of jointed appendages (arthropoda)
specialization
- walking
- feeding
- sensory reception
- reproduction
- defense
what type of circulatory system do arthropods have
open circulatory system
- so have hemolymph
what are the three ways arthropods does respiration
- book lungs in arachnids
- stacked plate-like structures in internal chamber - gills in crustaceans
eg. lobsters - tracheal tubes in insects (branched throughout whole body)
- chitin lined tubes bring oxygen to cells
- spiracles (opening to the tracheal tube system
what are echinoderms
- include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
- triploblastic
- deuterostome
- slow moving or sessile (let environment move them)
what is the water vascular system in echinoderms
network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet
purpose of the water vascular system in echinoderms
- feeding
- locomotion
what are the 4 features chordates had to have at some point in their development
- notochord
- longitudinal flexible rod
- purpose: structural skeleton, flexible structure for muscles to work against for swimming
- most vertebrates’ skeleton develops around it - dorsal hollow nerver cord
- develops into central nervous system - pharyngeal slits
- slits open to outside of body
- all chordate embryos have these
- allows water to enter and leave without passing through digestive tract - post-anal tail
- tail extending posterior to anus
- helps propel aquatic species
- reduced in embryonic development for most species
what are the characteristics of tracheal systems
- in insects
- made up of air tubes that branch throughout body
true or false some insects can ventilate by compressing muscles
true (flight)
main characteristics of lungs
- localized respiratory organs (not throughout entire body)
- not in direct contact with other parts of the body
- evolved in animals with open circulatory systems
explain what is positive pressure breathing in amphibians
- air is drawn thru nostrils as floor of oral cavity lowers
- nostrils and floor of oral cavity rises forcing air down trachea
- exhalation occurs as elastic lungs recoil and body wall compresses
explain the respiratory systems of birds
- air fills posterior air sacs
- posterior air sacs push air into lungs
- air leaves lungs and moves into anterior air sacs
- anterior air sacs push air out of body
explain the first step of the respiratory system of mammals
Air enters nostrils
- filtered by hairs
- warmed and humidified
- sampled for odours
why is humidified air better than dry air for mammals
dry air is going to be pulling moisture out of our lungs and we would have to spent more ressources to replace
what is the pharynx
path for air and food to cross
what is the larynx
region where vocal cords are located
what is the trachea
composed of rings of cartilage that keeps it open
what are the branchings of the trachea branches
trachea branches split into 2 bronchi (each leading to a lung), each bronchi then branch into bronchioles and at the tips of the tiniest bronchioles there are alveoli (airs sacs where gas exchange occurs)
what happens during negative pressure breathing
thoracic cavity area increases
- diaphragm contracts
- rib cage expands
- lower air pressure inside lungs compared to outside
- air enter lungs
muscles relaxed for exhalation
- thoracic cavity becomes smaller
- higher pressures in lungs compare to outside
- air leaves
what are the 4 stages of food processing
- ingestion
2.digestion - absorption
- elimination
what is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion
mechanical
- chewing
chemical
- use of enzymes for hydrolysis
what are the two compartments the processing of food can occur in
- intracellular
- food vacuoles
- cell must first engulf solid food by phagocytosis - extracellular
- digestive organs and systems
- most animals
animals that doesn’t have complete digestion have a digestive compartment with one opening called
gastrovascular cavity
- digestion
- distribution of nutrients throughout body
what are called the food storage and grinding body parts that earthworms and birds both have
crops for storage
gizzards for grinding
what do insects have for digestion and absorption
gastric cecae (pouches)
name the accessory glands in the digestive system
- 3 pairs of salivary glands
- pancreas
- liver
- gallbladder (secretes bile)
where does secretion of saliva for chemical digestion occur
mouth
what is the purpose of the epiglottis
it covers glottis to prevent food from entering larynx
what organ does the esophagus connects to
the stomach
what is the purpose of stomatch
- stores food
- starts digestion of proteins
- secretes gastric juice
where does most of the digestion occur in the small intestine
- in the first 25 cm, part is called duodenum
what organs does the large intestine include
colon, ceacum and rectum
why is the ceacum important
for digesting plant material
purpose of rectum
to store feces until elimination
what the main role of large intestine
to reabsorb water through the colon
where does most enzymatic hydrolysis occur
in the small intestine
what are some examples of phylum that diffuses substances to their cells because of their very thin cell layer
cnidaria and platyhelminthes
what are the three components to a circulatory system
- circulatory fluid
- interconnecting vessels
- muscular pump (eg. heart)
what is the circulatory fluid confined to vessels in a closed circulatory system called
blood
what is the meaning of single circuit in a heart
the blood passes through heart only once in each complete circuit
what are the two disadvantages of 2 chambered heart
- unstable blood pressure in rest of the body as blood passes through gill capillaries
- heart relies on deoxygenated blood
what is the advantage of a 2 chambered heart
the metabolic needs are not high
what is the meaning of double circuit in hearts
- there is separation between oxygenated and non oxygenated blood
- blood passes through the heart twice per cycle
what type of circulatory system do fishes have
- single circuit
- 2 chambers
what type of circulatory system do amphibians & reptiles have
- double circuit
- 3 chambers
what type of circulatory system do birds & mammals have
- double circuit
- 4 chambers
why are respiratory surfaces large and thin
- to maximize surface area (large)
- and to minimize distance (thin)
how do earthworms and amphibians breathe
through their skin
what class of animals use positive pressure breathing
amphibians
what class of animals does not mix oxygen rich and oxygen poor air to breathe
birds
what class of animals mix oxygen rich and oxygen poor air together to breathe
mammals
what is the purpose of alveoli
air sacs responsible for gas exchange
define ectotherm
“cold-blooded” animals that require external sources such as sunlight to regulate internal temperature
why do reptile eggs have leathery shell and bird eggs have calcareous shell
to prevent desiccation (drying)
purpose of feathers
- flying
- insulation
- mating
made out of keratin
are birds endotherm or ectotherm, what is endotherm
endotherm, meaning they use their own metabolic heat to maintain body temperature
what are the three different lineages of mammals
- monotremes
- lay eggs
- no nipple - marsupials
- complete development in pouch
- nipples - eutherians
- embryonic development completed in uterus
- more complex placenta
