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General Biology I > Chapter 1.4 : Cell structure and function pt. 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1.4 : Cell structure and function pt. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What can the electron microscope reveal that the light microscope cannot reveal well

A

Organelles

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2
Q

What does the electron microscope require the specimen to be observable

A

Dead

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3
Q

What are the two major category with cells and name a few examples for each

A
  1. Prokaryotic
    Eg. Bacteria, archaea, etc
  2. Eukaryotic
    Eg. Protists, fungi, animals, plants, etc
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4
Q

What components of the cell do all cell category have

A
  • Plasma membrane: selective barrier
  • Cytosol: substance inside cytoplasm
  • Cytoplasm: bounded by plasma membrane excluding nucleus
  • Chromosomes
  • Ribosomes: to make proteins
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5
Q

What do prokaryotic cells do not have but eukaryotic cells do

A

Organelles: membranes bounded structures

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6
Q

Where is located most of the DNA in both major cells category

A

Eukaryotes: in nucleus
Prokaryotes: in nucleoid region (not membrane enclosed)

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7
Q

What does the “selective barrier” part of the plasma membrane refers to

A

That it only allows the passage of oxygen, nutrients, waste for the entire cell

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8
Q

Explain why ratio of surface area to volume is important

A

Because as size increases, the volume grows proportionately more than the surface area. Thus, we are a multitude of cells, because otherwise our volume would be too big to sustain.

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9
Q

Explain the usage of microvilli

A

To increase the surface area

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10
Q

Why are ribosomes important

A

To carry out the instructions of making proteins from the DNA

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11
Q

Which organelle contains most genetic info

A

The nucleus

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12
Q

What other organelles contains genetic information except the main one

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have some too

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13
Q

True or false, the nucleus is enclosed by a nuclear envelope which has a single membrane

A

False, it has a double-membrane

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14
Q

What is the nuclear lamina made of

A

Net made of protein filaments, lines the nuclear side of envelope and it’s here for structural purpose

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15
Q

Where are the chromosomes in the cell, what are they and what do they do

A
  • Found in nucleus
  • Are long DNA double helixes with proteins
  • Carry genetic information
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16
Q

What is chromatin composed of

A

DNA and proteins

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17
Q

How much chromosomes are in most human cells

A

46, 23 in sex cells

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18
Q

Where is the nucleolus located and what’s its purpose

A
  • Inside the nucleus
  • The site of rRNA synthesis
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19
Q

Describe what is direct physical continuity

A

When there’s a fusion/exchange of membranes, one becomes another, linked together

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20
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum consists of

A

Network of membrane tubules and sacs called cisternae

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21
Q

What is the ER membrane continuous with

A

The nuclear envelope

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22
Q

What differentiates the look between the smooth ER and the rough ER

A

The smooth er’s surface lacks ribosomes opposed to the rough er who is studded with ribosomes

23
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER

A
  • Synthesis of lipids
  • Detoxification of drugs
  • Storage of Ca^2+
  • Metabolism of carbohydrates
24
Q

What is the function of rough ER

A
  • Protein secretion made by the ribosomes on its surface
  • Polypeptide chain enters lumen as it grows from ribosome
  • Has enzymes in membrane that make glycoproteins
  • Its membrane keeps secretory proteins separate from those that will stay in cytosol
  • Membrane factory cell
25
Q

Name some cellular membranes that are part of the endomembrane system

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vesicles and vacuoles
  • Plasma membrane
26
Q

What are glycoproteins

A

Proteins with carbohydrates on it

27
Q

What are the characteristics of ribosomes

A
  • Made of rRNA and protein
  • Carry out protein synthesis
  • Not membrane bounded so not organelles
28
Q

What role does the ribosome play in the process of proteins synthesis

A

It translates the mRNA into a polypeptide

29
Q

What are the characteristics of Golgi apparatus

A
  • Shipping and receiving centre
  • Products of ER are modified, stored and sent to other places
  • Very extensive in cells that secrete
  • Can also makes some macromolecules
30
Q

What products of ER are modified during transit through the Golgi

A
  • Glycoproteins have carbohydrates modified
  • Membrane phospholipids may also be altered
31
Q

How are transport vesicles sorted and targeted in the Golgi

A

They receive molecular tags that direct them where they should go, external molecules that recognize the surface of the organelles where they should dock

32
Q

What are lysosomes

A
  • Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules
  • Their enzymes work best in acidic environments
33
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Digestion of food: It describes the act of a unicellular eukaryotes feeding by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles

34
Q

What are the variety of functions vacuoles can serve

A
  • As food vacuoles
  • Contractile vacuoles
  • Central vacuole
35
Q

What are the two organelles that transform energy

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

36
Q

What do mitochondria produce from cellular respiration

A

ATP

37
Q

What is the role of the chloroplast

A

To convert solar energy to chemical energy

38
Q

How are the infoldings in the inner membrane of mitochondria are called

A

Cristae

39
Q

Name the 2 inner compartments of the mitochondria

A
  1. intermembrane space
  2. mitochondrial matrix
40
Q

Name the 3 components of the membrane system of chloroplasts

A
  1. Thylakoids : flattened interconnected sacs
  2. Granum : stack of thylakoids
  3. Stroma : fluid outside the thylakoids
41
Q

Explain what is the endosymbiont theory

A

The theory suggests that an early ancestor of a eukaryotic cell engulfed an oxygen using, non photosynthetic prokaryotic cell which then became an endosymbiont (cell living within cell). Over time the two merged into one organism

Engulfing of oxygen using non photosynthetic prokaryotic cell —generations later—> Mitochondria

Engulfing of photosynthetic prokaryote –generations later—> Chloroplasts

42
Q

What arguments support the endosymbiont theory

A
  1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are bounded by 2 membranes just like the ancestral prokaryotes did
  2. Mito and chloro contain their own ribosomes and DNA
  3. Mito and chloro are “independent” (grow and reproduce inside cell on their own not outside)
43
Q

What are the functions of peroxisomes

A
  • carry out oxidative reactions using oxygen
  • use oxygen to break down fatty acids
  • in the liver: detoxify alcohol and poisons
44
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibres that extends thru the cytoplasm

45
Q

What are the 3 types of molecular structures in cytoskeleton and what differentiates them

A
  1. Microtubules (thickest)
  2. Microfilaments (thinnest)
  3. Intermediate filaments
46
Q

What are the main characteristics of microtubules

A
  • Hollow rods
  • Made from tubulin
  • Responsible for the beating of flagella and cilia
  • Move chromosomes
47
Q

What are the main functions of microtubules

A
  • Shape and support cell
  • Resist compression (thickness)
  • Serve as tracks for organelles with motor proteins
48
Q

Where do microtubules grow from

A

The centrosome

49
Q

What differentiates Flagellum and Cilium

A
  • Flagellum has long appendage (1 or 2 per cell) formovement
  • Cilium has short appendage, occur in large numbers and can act as an antenna
50
Q

What are the main characteristics of microfilaments

A
  • Thin solid rods
  • Built from actin
  • Occur in linear and structural networks
51
Q

What are the function of microfilaments

A
  • Bear tension, pulling forces
  • Help support cell shape
  • Used in the protein myosin in cell mobility and muscle contraction
  • Amoebas used them to crawl (pseudopodia)
52
Q

What are the main characteristics of intermediate filaments

A
  • Made from keratin
  • Bear tension
  • Very sturdy and permanent
53
Q

What are the main function of intermediate filaments

A
  • Reinforce cell shape
  • Fix position of certain organelles
  • made from keratin

General Biology I (11 decks)

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