Chapter 3.1 Prokaryotes

Question 1

What’s the common name of the phyla of extant plants that’s the more successful

Answer 1

flowering plants

Question 2

what are the two types of alternation of generations and are they

Answer 2

Gametophyte
- multicellular haploid form
- produces gametes by mitosis
Sporophyte
- multicellular diploid form
- produces spores by meiosis

Question 3

what are bryophytes and their principal characteristics

Answer 3

mosses and relatives
- no vascular tissues
- no roots or true leaves (rhizoids)
- seedless
- need water for fertilization
- gametophyte dominant

Question 4

what type of plants dominate landscapes

Answer 4

vascular plants

Question 5

how does vascular tissue benefit the plants

Answer 5

let plants grow taller

Question 6

what are the two different kinds of vascular tissue and their characteristics

Answer 6

Xylem
- transports water and minerals upwards
- lignified (contain lignin(extra structural support that makes them stand up))
- composed of tracheids + dead cells
Phloem
- transport products of photosynthesis from leaves to rest of plant
- composed of living cells

Question 7

what are the benefits of roots or root-like structures

Answer 7

• to absorb water and nutrients from soil
• to anchor the plant (the deeper the roots, the taller it can grow)

Question 8

what’s the usefulness of being tall for a plant

Answer 8

• more exposure to sunlight
• spores and seeds can disperse farther (so that offspring and parents don’t compete or shade each other if close)
• less chance to be shaded by another plant

Question 9

benefits of leaves

Answer 9

• increase surface area for photosynthesis
• waxy cuticle to prevent dehydration (the more water a plant needs to conserve, the thicker the waxy cuticle)

Question 10

what is the use for stomata (stoma in singular)

Answer 10

• for guard exchange in leaves (co2 in, o2 out)

Question 11

what are seeds composed of

Answer 11

• embryo + food supply + protective coat
  allows them to separate from mother plant, disperse by wind or other means and wait for right conditions to germinate

Question 12

what would be the benefit of being diploid dominant rather than being haploid dominant

Answer 12

• the diploid has a “backup file” and can replace damaged a component, but the haploid cannot, hence they need to be protected

Question 13

what are the characteristics of gymnosperms (eg. conifers)

Answer 13

• seeds plants
• seeds not enclosed in chambers
• well known gymnosperms
• have pollen so no need water for fertilization
• have microscopic male and female gametophytes

Question 14

what are the main characteristics of angiosperms

Answer 14

• seed plants
• seeds develop within ovaries
• seeds originate from flower and mature into fruit
• very successful since they represent 90% of living plant spp.

Question 15

what are the advantages of fruit

Answer 15

• can be dispersed by wind
• can be dispersed by animals

Question 16

what are the general characteristics of fungi

Answer 16

• most a multicellular
• heterotrophic (absorb food from environment, does not eat food)
• secrete hydrolytic enzymes into surroundings (break down molecules until small enough to be absorbed)

Question 17

fungi are decomposers, what does this mean

Answer 17

• they break down and abord nutrients from nonliving organic material

Question 18

what does pathogenic mean

Answer 18

• can cause/spread diseases

Question 19

name an example of mutualistic fungi

Answer 19

some thermite have fungi in their gut to help them digest wood

Question 20

bodies of fungi are made out of a network of filaments, what’s it called?

Answer 20

hyphae
- tubular cell walls surrounding plasma membrane
- cell walls of chitin

Question 21

what do we call the interwoven mass of hyphae

Answer 21

mycelium
- structure maximizes surface to volume ratio

Question 22

what are called the crosswalls that divide hyphae into cells and have pores that left ribosomes, mitochondria and nuclei flow through

Answer 22

septa
- some are specialized and let them feed on live animals

Question 23

what is mycorrhizae

Answer 23

• fungi that has a symbiotic relationships with roots of many plants

Question 24

why are mycorrhial relationships very important in agriculture and nature, fun the fungi and the plant

Answer 24

• the fungi extends the range of roots and can get more nutrients and water for the plants
• in exchange, the fungi receives photosynthetic products from the plant that it can’t produce

Question 25

what is order of classification of life

Answer 25

1. domain
2. kingdom
3. phylum
4. class
5. order
6. family
7. genus
8. species

Question 26

what are the two branches of living organisms

Answer 26

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 27

were the first organisms prokaryotes or eukaryotes

Answer 27

3.5 billion years ago , prokaryotes

Question 28

how do we call spherical prokaryotes

Answer 28

cocci, singular: coccus

Question 29

how do we call spherical prokaryotes in pairs, chains or clusters

Answer 29

pairs: diplococci
chains: streptococci
in clusters: staphylococci

Question 30

what do we call rod shaped prokaryotes

Answer 30

bacilli, singular: bacillus
may occur in streptobacilli

Question 31

how do we call spiral shaped prokaryotes

Answer 31

spirilla

Question 32

do bacteria have a nucleus

Answer 32

no, they have circular chromosome found in NUCLEOID region

Question 33

what is the name of the asexual reproduction bacteria does

Answer 33

binary fission

Question 34

what is the use of endospores

Answer 34

bacteria form these resistant cells to withstand harsh conditions

Question 35

why do most prokaryotes have cell walls

Answer 35

• to maintain shape
• to protect cell
• to prevent bursting in hypotonic environment

Question 36

what are the cell walls of bacteria composed of

Answer 36

peptidoglycan
- sugar polymers crossed linked by short peptides

Question 37

what are the cell walls of archea made of

Answer 37

polysaccharides and proteins

Question 38

differentiate phototrophs, chemotrophs, autotrophs and heterotrophs

Answer 38

Energy source
- phototrophs get from sun
- chemotrophs get from chemicals (us)
Carbon source
- autotrophs get in form of CO2
- heterotrophs get it from organic sources (us)

Question 39

what is the purpose of heterocysts in nitrogen based metabolism

Answer 39

• specialized cells that fix nitrogen
• have thicker cell walls to prevent oxygen from entering

Question 40

is the kingdom of protists in prokaryotes or eukaryotes

Answer 40

eukaryotes

Question 41

what are the forms of nutrition protists are

Answer 41

• photoautotrophs
• heterotrophs

Question 42

protists can have sexual reproduction

Answer 42

true, asexual and sexual

Question 43

where can we find protists

Answer 43

anywhere there is water

Question 44

what are the different groups of protists based on how they get nutrients

Answer 44

1. animal-like
   - obtain food by phagocytosis
   - inhibit fresh h2o
   - eg. amoebas
2. plant-like
   - photosynthetic
   - multi cellular
3. fungal-like
   - absorptive heterotrophs
   - acquire nutrients as decomposers or parasites

Question 45

what are the evidences that land plants share a most recent common ancestor with green algae

Answer 45

1. both have circular rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins in plasma membrane that make microfibrils
2. both have similarities in structure of flagellated sperm
3. both have evidence of formation of phragmoplast (group of microtubules dividing cell;cell plate then develops in middle

Question 46

what are advantages to dry land

Answer 46

• sunlight unfiltered by water
• more co2 in atmosphere
• soil near water’s edge rich in nutrients
• initially few herbivores and pathogens

Question 47

what are the challenges to land life

Answer 47

• scarcity of water
• no structural support against gravity