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Clinical Skills > LA Injections and Phlebotomy > Flashcards

LA Injections and Phlebotomy Flashcards

1
Q

What terms are used for a needle’s size?

A
  • gauge
  • length
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2
Q

The smaller the gauge number for a needle, what happens to the diameter of lumen?

A

it gets bigger

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3
Q

What needle gauges are typically used in vet med?

A

25 ga –> 14 ga

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4
Q

What needle lengths are typically used in vet med?

A

5/8” –> 1.5”

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5
Q

Picking the correct needle size is based on what?

A
  • site of injection (SC, IV, IM)
  • species being injected
  • size/age of patient
  • viscosity of medication
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6
Q

What is a deeper structure, therefore requiring a longer needle to inject this structure?

A

muscle

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7
Q

What is more superficial, therefore requiring a shorter needle to be used?

A

subcutaneous region

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8
Q

The species, size, and age of the animal you are injecting will affect what?

A

the thickness of skin your needle needs to puncture

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9
Q

Does a more viscous drug need a larger or smaller gauge needle to allow more ease while administering?

A

larger

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10
Q

Syringe size is selected based on what?

A

volume of medication being injected

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11
Q

What is the generale rule when it comes to selecting a syringe size?

A

use the smallest syringe size that holds the necessary drug volume and still allows you to aspirate

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12
Q

What needle size (gauge and length) is needed for an equine IM injection?

A

most commonly used is 20g, 18g if viscous medication
1.5”

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13
Q

What is the most commonly used site for an equine IM injection?

A

neck muscle

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14
Q

What are the neck borders for an equine IM injection?

A

dorsal border = nuchal ligament
ventral border = cervical vertebrae
caudal border = scapula

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15
Q

Other equine IM injection sites include pectoral muscle, semimembranosus and semitedinosus muscles. Why use these sites?

A
  • rotating injection sites during multiple days of IM injections to prevent soreness
  • pectoral muscle drains well so use that if horse has history of reaction to injection
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16
Q

Why do we no longer use the gluteal muscle as an equine IM injection site?

A
  • this site does not allow drainage if the body reacts to the injection
  • can result in abscess formation
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17
Q

Describe the equine/bovine IM injection technique.

A
  • can create skin pinch to distract horse with non-dominant hand
  • insert needle at 90 degree angle to the skin and insert all the way to the hub
  • aspirate to confirm you did not hit a blood vessel
  • steadily push plunger until all desired medication is administered
  • pull needle out smoothly at the same 90 degree angle as you entered the skin
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18
Q

When injecting the pectoral or semi muscles for equine IM administation stand on the opposite side of your injection site. Why?

A

if the horse decides to strike or kick they will likely do so on the side you’re injection and not where you’re standing

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19
Q

Ideally, how much medication should you inject per IM site?

A

10mL max

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20
Q

What are the 2 techniques used to divide IM injections?

A
  • fanning
  • multiple injection sites
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21
Q

When using multiple injection sites, how far apart should they be?

A

at least 2” from initial site

22
Q

Why should you switch needles if using the multiple site injection method?

A

to avoid dragging medication through skin layers

23
Q

What needle size (length and gauge) is used for equine IV injections?

A
  • 20g
  • 1.5”
24
Q

What part of the horse’s neck is used to access the jugular vein?

A

cranial 1/3

25
Q

In the cranial 1/3 of the neck, what muscle separates the vein and artery?

A

omohyoideus muscle

26
Q

Describe the technique used for equine IV injection.

A
  • locate jugular groove
  • hold off vein with non dominant hand a few inches below where you intend to insert needle
  • insert needle bevel up at 15 degree angle to skin
  • level out needle angle once half of needle is through skin
  • insert needle to hub
  • ensure you have drop(s) of dark blood in your needle hub
  • attach syringe to needle
  • aspirate to ensure you are still in the vein
  • inject half of medication, aspirate again, inject rest of medication
  • aspirate 1-2x at the end of injection to ‘flush’ needle hub
  • smoothly pull out needle at the same angle it entered the skin
27
Q

What sites are used for equine phlebotomy?

A
  • jugular vein (most common)
  • transverse facial vein
28
Q

What needle size is used for jugular vein?

A
  • 20g
  • 1.5”
29
Q

What needle size is used for transverse facial vein?

A
  • 22-25g
  • 1”
30
Q

What are the two phlebotomy techniques used for equine?

A
  • needle and syringe
  • vacutainer
31
Q

Describe the vacutainer phlebotomy technique in equine.

A
  • remove cap from short needle
  • screw needle into holder so that short needle is inside holder
  • uncap long needle
  • insert needle into vein
  • push blood tube into holder until short needle pierces rubber top of blood tube
  • allow blood to fill tube
  • remove blood tube from holder
  • remove long needle from vein
32
Q

Which association dictates which routes of administration that are legal for medication and information provided on drug inserts and labels?

A

FDA (food and drug administration)

33
Q

Which act provides guidelines on ethical extralabel use of drugs?

A

AMDUCA (animal medicinal drug use clarification act)

34
Q

What refers to the length of time drug residues can be found in animal products?

A

withdrawal times

35
Q

What program that sets the ideal practices, guidelines, and suggestions for responsible cattle management (but these are not legally binding rules)?

A

Beef quality assurance

36
Q

What needle size (gauge and length) is used for bovine IM injection?

A
  • 18-16g
  • 1.5”
37
Q

What is the recommended site if IM injection for bovine?

A

neck muscle

38
Q

What are the borders for neck muscle IM/SC injection for bovine?

A

dorsal border = nuchal ligament
ventral border = cervical vertebrae
caudal border = cranial to the slope of the shoulder

39
Q

For safety reasons, bovine IM injections should be done with one or two hands?

A

one handed

40
Q

What needle size (length and gauge) should be used for bovine SC injection?

A
  • 18g-16g
  • 3/4”
41
Q

Describe SC injection technqiue for bovine.

A
  • needle should be inserted into the skin at a 45 degree angle into the SQ space
  • aspirate to ensure you haven’t hit a blood vessel or gone through the skin on the other side
  • administer the medication and remove the needle
42
Q

Do you perform a skin tent for a SC injection in bovine?

A

no, you do them one handed for safety reasons

43
Q

What needle size is used for a bovine jugular IV injection?

A
  • 18-16 g (14g for thick medication or large volumes)
  • 1.5”
44
Q

What needle size is used for a bovine tail vein IV injection?

A
  • 18g
  • 1” (1.5” for fat cattle)
45
Q

Descrobe tail vein injection technique in bovine.

A
  • hold tail in non dominant hand approx. 1/3 from base of tail and lift tail up so ventral aspect of tail is accessible
  • located and palpate the groove on midline then palpate the spaces between vertebrae
  • insert the needle on midline, between the vertebrae at a 90 degree angle with the skin
  • once you have approx. half the needle length inserted you may hit bone, back out your needle slightly and you should be in the vessel
  • aspirate to ensure you are in the vessel
  • inject medication
  • pull needle out (do not hold off due to likelihood of contamination in this area)
46
Q

What are the two location sites for bovine phlebotomy?

A
  • jugular
  • tail vein
47
Q

What needle size should you use for bovine jugular blood draw?

A
  • 18-16g
  • 1.5”
48
Q

What needle size should you use for bovine tail vein blood draw?

A
  • 18g
  • 1”
49
Q

What are some IM injection complications?

A
  • local tissue reaction (edema, heat, pain)
  • hematoma
  • abscess
  • necrotic myositis
  • anaphylaxis
50
Q

What are some IV injection complications?

A
  • local tissue reaction (IV drug administered perivascularly or hub of syringe isnt flushed with blood prior to removing needle from skin)
  • hematoma (injection site not held off after needle is removed)
  • seizure (medication administered in artery or too fast)
  • collapse (medication administered in artery or too fast)

Clinical Skills (10 decks)

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