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Clinical Skills > Equine Handling and PE > Flashcards

Equine Handling and PE Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the equine eye.

A
  • large eyeball and pupil
  • wide angle lens
  • located on side of the head
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2
Q

Do horses have a wide or narrow visual field?

A

Wide

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3
Q

Where are a horses blind spots?

A

directly in front of them and directly behind them

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4
Q

A horses ears can rotate how many degrees and uses how many different muscles?

A

180 degrees
10 different muscles

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5
Q

100% of equine communication with humans is what?

A

body language and facial expression

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6
Q

What organ do horses have that allows them to ilicit a flemen response?

A

vomero nasal organ

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7
Q

What areas are sensitive to touch on a horse?

A
  • nose
  • lips
  • mouth
  • ears
  • legs
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8
Q

What can elicit a flight resonse in a horse?

A
  • danger
  • escape
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9
Q

What can make a horse sense danger?

A
  • something that invoked fear in the past
  • something new or different that is not understood
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10
Q

Which horses should you use extra caution with?

A
  • stallions
  • mares with foals
  • young inexperiences horses
  • horses at feeding time
  • horses in a new environment
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11
Q

What do neighs and whinnies mean?

A

long distance when separated from others

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12
Q

What do nickers mean?

A

encourage to come closer

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13
Q

What do squeals mean?

A

defensive, greeting between unknown horses

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14
Q

What do short snorts mean?

A

alarm, play

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15
Q

What do groans, sighs, and blows mean?

A

discomfort, tired, bored

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16
Q

What do roars and screams mean?

A

extreme arousal

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17
Q

What does a foot stomp mean?

A

low level threat, discomfort

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18
Q

What does pawing mean?

A

frustration

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19
Q

Describe correct halter placement.

A
  • crown placed 2 fingers behind ear
  • no loose straps
  • throatlatch sits across caudal aspect of jowl, buckle face out
  • 3 fingers width between nose and nose band
  • nose band at least a hand’s width above nostrils
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20
Q

Where should you always approach a horse?

A

Point of shoulder

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21
Q

Is it safer to close the lower or upper rear door first in the stocks? Why?

A

upper rear door because is you close the lower one first then a horse can flip backward over it if they backed up really fast

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22
Q

Do horses feel scared or safe when restrained?

A

Scared

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23
Q

Do horses have to be taught to tie?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Do handler and non-handler stand on the same side or opposite sides?

A

Same side ALWAYS

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25
Q

List types of non-chemical restraint from least severe to most severe.

A
  • cupping an eye
  • holding up a foreleg
  • knocking on the head
  • nose chain
  • skin twitch
  • nose twitch
  • gum chain
  • ear twitch
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26
Q

Which method of restraint is most useful for controlling horse during leading ot preventing horse from barging forward?

A

Nose chain

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27
Q

Describe how to put a nose chain on.

A
  • loop chain through tie ring
  • put clip through left cheek piece up diagonally through the square (out to in fashion - buckle should be on horse side of halter after feeding through)
  • put clip though right cheek piece down diagonally thorugh square (again in an out to in fashion so buckle is on horse side of halter)
  • clasp buckle on ring by eye
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28
Q

What is the most commonly used restraint for horses?

A

nose twitch

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29
Q

How long can you use a nose twitch before is loses effect?

A

15-20 minutes

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30
Q

What is the general order for grooming a horse?

A
  • remove large amounts of dirt
  • remove remaining dirt and dust
  • remove fine amount of dirt
  • comb mane and tail
  • pick out feet
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31
Q

Should you pick a horses feet away from or towards you?

A

away from

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32
Q

Where do you lead a horse from?

A

just in front of shoulder

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33
Q

Describe how to pick up a horse hoof.

A
  • Approach at point of shoulder and pat horse to let them know you’re there
  • run hand down shoulder to leg and down leg
  • when you reach the tendons they usually pick it up for you and you can hold the hoof. If they do not pick it up for you then squeeze the tendons as a cue
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34
Q

What is included in an equine signalment?

A
  • age
  • breed
  • sex
  • color +/- markings
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35
Q

What are common history questions you should ask for an equine PE?

A
  • use of horse
  • housing
  • diet
  • deworming protocol
  • vaccination history
  • recent changes
  • recent travel
  • currrent medications/treatments
  • medical history
  • presenting problem/s
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36
Q

What is included for a general equine physical exam?

A
  • BCS, height, weight
  • attitude, mentation
  • haircoat, mane, tail
  • head
  • neck
  • thorax
  • abdomen
  • limbs and hooves
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37
Q

What is an ideal equine BCS?

A

4-6

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38
Q

What are the steps to determine BCS in equine?

A
  • evaulate the ribs
  • look at topline
  • look for areas of protruding bone structure and areas of fat pads/fatty deposits
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39
Q

Describe a BCS of 4.

A
  • slight ridge along back
  • faint outline of ribs discernible
  • tailhead prominence depends on conformation, can be felt around it
  • points of hips not discernible
  • withers, shoulder, and neck not obviously thin
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40
Q

Describe a BCS of 5.

A
  • back is flat
  • ribs not visually distinguishable but easily felt
  • fat around tailhead beginning to feel spongy
  • withers appear rounded over spine
  • shoulders and neck blend smoothly into body
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41
Q

Describe BCS of 6.

A
  • may have slight crease down back
  • fat over ribs fleshy/spongy
  • fat around tailhead soft
  • fat beginning to be deposited along side of withers, behind shoulders, and along sides of neck
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42
Q

How do you score the cresty neck?

A
  • grade of accumulation fo fat in crest of neck along nuchal ligament
  • graded 0-5 with 0 being none and 5 being excessive
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43
Q

Where do you measure height?

A

top of the withers

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44
Q

Ponies are what maximum height?

A

14.2 hh

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45
Q

1 hand equals how many inches?

A

4 inches

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46
Q

Horses are measured in what units?

A

hands

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47
Q

List the steps to use a height stick.

A
  • pull on the numbered section of the height stick until the red button clicks into place
  • press top button to swing black arm horizontally
  • lower black horizontal arm to the top of the withers
  • ensure stick is being held level with ground
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48
Q

List the steps to use a weight tape to measure height.

A
  • ensure you are using the correct side of the tape
  • locate where you step on the tape
  • step on tape close to front hoof and pull tape straight up from ground
  • look across to the withers to estimate the height
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49
Q

List the steps of using a weight tape to measure weight.

A
  • wrap tape around the horse just behind the front limbs
  • read where the tape overlaps
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50
Q

What do you examine haircoat for?

A
  • shiny or dull
  • appropriate length for season
  • areas of hair loss
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51
Q

What do you examine main and tail for?

A
  • evidence of rubbing due to itchiness
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52
Q

What do you examine eyes for?

A
  • color of conjucticva
  • holding eye open vs squinting closed
  • presence of discharge
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53
Q

What do you examine the nostrils for?

A
  • mucous membranes
  • discharge
  • airflow
  • odor
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54
Q

What are the locations of equine mucous membranes?

A
  • oral
  • nasal
  • ocular
  • vulvar
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55
Q

What is a normal equine CRT?

A

<2 seconds

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56
Q

What are the only lymph nodes that are always palpable in the horse?

A

submandibular lymph nodes

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57
Q

Where can you palpate the submandibular lymph nodes?

A
  • situated in between the mandibles
  • roughly arranged in the shape of a V with the apex of the V positioned rostrally
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58
Q

Where do you palpate a pulse on a horse?

A
  • facial artery
  • transverse facial artery
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59
Q

Where can you find the facial artery?

A
  • facial artery travels along the medial aspect of each mandible with the facial vein
  • crosses to lateral aspect of the mandible at the rostral aspect og the messeter muscle (cheek)
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60
Q

What is a normal equine pulse?

A

28-40 bpm

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61
Q

Where can you find the transverse facial artery?

A

caudal and often slightly ventral to each eye

62
Q

What should you pay attention to when palpating for a pulse?

A
  • pulse rate
  • rhythm
  • quality (strong vs weak)
63
Q

What do you examine the neck for?

A
  • symmetry
  • swelling (edema)
  • heat
  • pain
64
Q

The esophagus travels down what side of the ventral neck?

A

left

65
Q

The trachea travels down what of the ventral neck?

A

midline

66
Q

What do you look for on jugular vein examination?

A
  • inspection (jugular furrow should appear empty)
  • palpation (swelling, heat, pain)
  • jugular pulsations (should not be visible above the lower 1/3 of the jugular groove)
  • jugular fill time
67
Q

Describe the steps for a skin turgor test.

A
  • pinch skin to create vertical skin fold
  • loft skin away from neck and release
  • count number of seconds for skin to flatten
68
Q

What is a normal skin turgor test result?

A

<2 seconds

69
Q

What should you take into consideration during a skin turgor test?

A
  • age of the horse since skin becomes more elastic with age
70
Q

You interpret skin turgor findings along with what other findings?

A
  • mucous membrane
  • CRT
71
Q

When auscultating the heart, what should you pay attention to?

A
  • heart rate
  • rhythm
  • presence/absence of murmurs
72
Q

What location should you use to determine a hearat rate and rhythm?

A

left side of thorax with bell deep to the point of the elbow

73
Q

What location should you use to determine presence/absence of heart murmur?

A

left and right side of thorax

74
Q

Where do you find the mitral valve?

A

5th intercostal on left side

75
Q

Where do you find the aortic valve?

A

4th intercostal on left side

76
Q

Where do you find the pulmonic valve?

A

3rd intercostal on left side

77
Q

Where do you find the tricuspid valve?

A

3rd-4th intercostal on right side

78
Q

How do you evaluate the lungs?

A
  • inspection of respiratory effort
  • determining respiratory rate
  • auscultation of lung fields
79
Q

Horses have what type of inspiration and expiration?

A

biphasic

80
Q

How do you inspect respiratory effort?

A
  • observe patient from a distance for signs of increased effort indicated by flared nostrils or exaggerated abdominal movement
81
Q

What are methods of determining respiratory rate?

A
  • visualize abdomen expansion/contraction
  • visualize nostril flaring
  • feel airflow at nostrils
  • auscultate over trachea
82
Q

What is a normal respiration rate for a horse?

A

8-16 breaths per minutes

83
Q

What is the location of lung field auscultation (dorsal border, cranial border, ventral border)?

A
  • dorsal border: epaxial muscles in line with the point of the hip
  • cranial border: shoulder/triceps muscle
  • ventral border: slightly curved line from last intercostal space at the level of the point of the hip to the point of the elbow
84
Q

How many sites should you evaluate per lung field?

A

3-4
- at least 1 site per dorsal, middle, ventral regions for at least 1 full breath each

85
Q

How do you evaluate the abdomen?

A
  • inspection of symmetry
  • palpation
  • auscultation
  • rectal temperature
86
Q

What are you listening for on abdominal auscultation?

A

borborygmi (GI sounds/gut sounds)

87
Q

How long should you listen at each abdominal quadrant?

A

5-10 seconds

88
Q

What is a normal rectal temperature in a horse?

A

99-101.5 F

89
Q

How do you describe and interpret decreased GI sounds?

A
  • indicated hypomotility
  • long pause between sounds
  • possible cause is colic (impaction, displacement)
90
Q

How do you describe and interpret normal GI sounds?

A
  • indicated normal GI motility
  • semi continuous sounds
91
Q

How do you describe and interpret increased GI sounds?

A
  • indicated hypermotility
  • continuous sounds, no pause
  • possible cause is colic (diarrhea, colitis)
92
Q

How do you evaluate limbs?

A
  • palpation of limbs
  • palpation of digital pulses
  • palpation of hooves
93
Q

What are you palpating limbs for?

A
  • swelling of tissue (edema)
  • distension of joints (effusion)
  • heat
  • pain response
94
Q

How many limbs should you palpate for digital pulse?

A

All 4

95
Q

What is the location of digital pulse for palpation?

A
  • digital palmar/plantar artery runs along the medial and lateral spect of the distal limb with the palmar/plantar vein and nerve
  • easiest place to palpate is the palmar/plantar aspect of the widest part of the fetlock on both medial and lateral sides
96
Q

Describe normal digital pulses.

A

barely palpable

97
Q

Abnormal/increased digital pulses indicate what?

A

inflammation in the hoof

98
Q

What are possible causes of abnormal digital pulses?

A
  • hoof abscess
  • laminitis
99
Q

What do you palpate hooves for?

A

hoof temperature

100
Q

Desribe normal hoof palpation.

A

cool to touch

101
Q

Increased hoof temperature indicates what?

A
  • inflammation of hoof
102
Q

What are possible causes of increased hoof temperature?

A
  • hoof abscess
  • laminitis
103
Q

How do you determine hydration status?

A
  • mucous membrane color and moisture
  • CRT
  • skin turgor
104
Q

What are indications for a digestive exam?

A
  • weight loss
  • diarrhea
  • gastric ulcers (suspected/historic)
  • colic
  • esophageal obstruction (choke)
105
Q

Digestive focused questions would include:

A
  • appetite
  • issues eating
  • diet
  • housing
  • manure
  • deworming
106
Q

How long is the equine digestive tract?

A

100 feet

107
Q

True or false: The equine digestive tract is free floating in the abdominal cavity.

A

True

108
Q

A complete digestive exam includes what?

A
  • attitude and mentation
  • vitals
  • BCS
  • lips and whiskers
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • abdomen
  • manure
109
Q

What are indications of GI pain?

A
  • pawing
  • sweating
  • tense abdomen
  • trying to lay down
110
Q

What type of teeth are used to grab food?

A

incisors

111
Q

What type of teeth are “fighting teeth”?

A

canine

112
Q

What type of teeth are used to grind food and are commonly called “cheek teeth?”

A

premolars and molars

113
Q

What are quids?

A

balls of chewed up hay/grass

114
Q

What are some signs of dental abnormalities?

A
  • dropping food when eating
  • prolonged chewing
  • tilting head when chewing
  • excessive salivation
  • wads of chewed up hay/grass between cheek and cheek teeth
  • decrease in BCS / weight loss
  • whole grains or long stems of fiber in manure
115
Q

How do you assess tongue tone?

A
  • grasp tongue from interdental space
  • pull tongue out to either side
  • hold onto the halter at the same time to avoid damaging the stylohyoid apparatus
116
Q

Which body part is responsible for moving food around mouth to facilitate proper chewing and moves food to the back of the mouth to facilitate proper swallowing?

A

tongue

117
Q

Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), excessive salivation, or bilateral nasal discharge with food particles would indicate an abnormality in what?

A

pharynx

118
Q

How do you diagnose an abnormality in the pharynx?

A
  • endoscopy
  • radiographs
119
Q

Which step of eating includes picking up food and involves lips and incisors?

A

prehension

120
Q

Which step of eating includes chewing food and involves tongue and cheek teeth?

A

mastication

121
Q

Which step of eating includes swallowing the food and involves tongue and pharynx?

A

deglutition

122
Q

The esophagus is located on what side of the ventral neck?

A

left

123
Q

What diagnostics can be used for an abnormality in the esophagus?

A
  • passing nasogastric tube
  • endoscopy
124
Q

What is a common issue of the esophagus indicated by bilateral nasal discharge with food particles, excessive salivation, and coughing/retching?

A

esophageal obstruction (choke)

125
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

on the left side underneath the ribs

126
Q

What size is the equine stomach?

A

holds 10-15L (2-4 gallons)

127
Q

Can horses vomit?

A

No

128
Q

If the amount of reflux exceeds 15L, what can occur?

A

the stomach can rupture

129
Q

What common issue of the stomach is indicated by irritable mood, weight loss, reaction to tightening girth, decreased appetite, and pawing/uncomfortable after eating?

A

gastric ulcers

130
Q

Ulcers are more commonly seen where using gastroscopy?

A

along the margo placates and on the squamous mucosa

131
Q

What are you looking for on visual inspection of the abdomen?

A
  • distention
  • tension
  • muscle fasciculations
  • edema
  • scar
132
Q

What are you looking for when palpating abdomen?

A
  • edema
  • hernia
  • scar
133
Q

What are you assessing when auscultating the abdomen?

A

GI motility

134
Q

What are the four quadrants for abdominal auscultation?

A
  • left dorsal
  • left ventral
  • right dorsal
  • right ventral
135
Q

What is the term for GI sounds/gut sounds?

A

borborygmi

136
Q

Where is the “5th quadrant” for abdominal auscultation?

A

located on the ventral midline of the abdomen, approximately 1 hands width caudal from the xiphoid process

137
Q

What are you listening for in the “5th quadrant” of the abdomen?

A

evidence of sand colic/sand impaction

138
Q

What diagnostics can be done if you suspect sand colic/sand impaction?

A
  • rectal sleeve test
  • radiographs
139
Q

What are common issues of the small intestine?

A
  • colic
  • enteritis
  • strangulating lipoma
140
Q

What diagnostics can be used for an issue with the small intestine?

A
  • nasograstric intubation
  • rectal palpation
  • ultrasound
141
Q

What is a common issue with the cecum?

A

impaction

142
Q

What are some common issues with the large colon?

A
  • impaction
  • displacement
143
Q

What diagnostics can be used for an issue with the large colon?

A
  • rectal palpation
  • ultrasound
144
Q

Define hypsodont teeth.

A

born with the length of teeth needed for life so the teeth contantly erupt through the gingiva over time

145
Q

How many incisors does a horse have?

A

6 maxillary and 6 mandibular

146
Q

How many canines does a horse have?

A

4 in males, often 0 in mares

147
Q

How many premolars does a horse have?

A

6-8 maxillary, 6-8 mandibular

148
Q

How many molars does a horse have?

A

6 maxillary, 6 mandibular

149
Q

What is a wolf tooth?

A

1st premolar

150
Q

What should you use to determine age by teeth?

A
  • eruption times
  • occlusal surface of incisors
  • incisor shape
  • Galvayne’s groove
151
Q

You can accurately age a horse using teeth up to what age?

A

10 years

152
Q

Review slides for practice aging teeth.

A

Clinical Skills (10 decks)

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