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Clinical Skills > Equine Handling and PE > Flashcards

Equine Handling and PE Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the equine eye.

A
  • large eyeball and pupil
  • wide angle lens
  • located on side of the head
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2
Q

Do horses have a wide or narrow visual field?

A

Wide

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3
Q

Where are a horses blind spots?

A

directly in front of them and directly behind them

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4
Q

A horses ears can rotate how many degrees and uses how many different muscles?

A

180 degrees
10 different muscles

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5
Q

100% of equine communication with humans is what?

A

body language and facial expression

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6
Q

What organ do horses have that allows them to ilicit a flemen response?

A

vomero nasal organ

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7
Q

What areas are sensitive to touch on a horse?

A
  • nose
  • lips
  • mouth
  • ears
  • legs
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8
Q

What can elicit a flight resonse in a horse?

A
  • danger
  • escape
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9
Q

What can make a horse sense danger?

A
  • something that invoked fear in the past
  • something new or different that is not understood
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10
Q

Which horses should you use extra caution with?

A
  • stallions
  • mares with foals
  • young inexperiences horses
  • horses at feeding time
  • horses in a new environment
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11
Q

What do neighs and whinnies mean?

A

long distance when separated from others

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12
Q

What do nickers mean?

A

encourage to come closer

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13
Q

What do squeals mean?

A

defensive, greeting between unknown horses

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14
Q

What do short snorts mean?

A

alarm, play

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15
Q

What do groans, sighs, and blows mean?

A

discomfort, tired, bored

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16
Q

What do roars and screams mean?

A

extreme arousal

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17
Q

What does a foot stomp mean?

A

low level threat, discomfort

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18
Q

What does pawing mean?

A

frustration

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19
Q

Describe correct halter placement.

A
  • crown placed 2 fingers behind ear
  • no loose straps
  • throatlatch sits across caudal aspect of jowl, buckle face out
  • 3 fingers width between nose and nose band
  • nose band at least a hand’s width above nostrils
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20
Q

Where should you always approach a horse?

A

Point of shoulder

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21
Q

Is it safer to close the lower or upper rear door first in the stocks? Why?

A

upper rear door because is you close the lower one first then a horse can flip backward over it if they backed up really fast

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22
Q

Do horses feel scared or safe when restrained?

A

Scared

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23
Q

Do horses have to be taught to tie?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Do handler and non-handler stand on the same side or opposite sides?

A

Same side ALWAYS

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25
Q

List types of non-chemical restraint from least severe to most severe.

A
  • cupping an eye
  • holding up a foreleg
  • knocking on the head
  • nose chain
  • skin twitch
  • nose twitch
  • gum chain
  • ear twitch
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26
Q

Which method of restraint is most useful for controlling horse during leading ot preventing horse from barging forward?

A

Nose chain

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27
Q

Describe how to put a nose chain on.

A
  • loop chain through tie ring
  • put clip through left cheek piece up diagonally through the square (out to in fashion - buckle should be on horse side of halter after feeding through)
  • put clip though right cheek piece down diagonally thorugh square (again in an out to in fashion so buckle is on horse side of halter)
  • clasp buckle on ring by eye
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28
Q

What is the most commonly used restraint for horses?

A

nose twitch

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29
Q

How long can you use a nose twitch before is loses effect?

A

15-20 minutes

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30
Q

What is the general order for grooming a horse?

A
  • remove large amounts of dirt
  • remove remaining dirt and dust
  • remove fine amount of dirt
  • comb mane and tail
  • pick out feet
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31
Q

Should you pick a horses feet away from or towards you?

A

away from

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32
Q

Where do you lead a horse from?

A

just in front of shoulder

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33
Q

Describe how to pick up a horse hoof.

A
  • Approach at point of shoulder and pat horse to let them know you’re there
  • run hand down shoulder to leg and down leg
  • when you reach the tendons they usually pick it up for you and you can hold the hoof. If they do not pick it up for you then squeeze the tendons as a cue
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34
Q

What is included in an equine signalment?

A
  • age
  • breed
  • sex
  • color +/- markings
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35
Q

What are common history questions you should ask for an equine PE?

A
  • use of horse
  • housing
  • diet
  • deworming protocol
  • vaccination history
  • recent changes
  • recent travel
  • currrent medications/treatments
  • medical history
  • presenting problem/s
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36
Q

What is included for a general equine physical exam?

A
  • BCS, height, weight
  • attitude, mentation
  • haircoat, mane, tail
  • head
  • neck
  • thorax
  • abdomen
  • limbs and hooves
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37
Q

What is an ideal equine BCS?

A

4-6

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38
Q

What are the steps to determine BCS in equine?

A
  • evaulate the ribs
  • look at topline
  • look for areas of protruding bone structure and areas of fat pads/fatty deposits
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39
Q

Describe a BCS of 4.

A
  • slight ridge along back
  • faint outline of ribs discernible
  • tailhead prominence depends on conformation, can be felt around it
  • points of hips not discernible
  • withers, shoulder, and neck not obviously thin
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40
Q

Describe a BCS of 5.

A
  • back is flat
  • ribs not visually distinguishable but easily felt
  • fat around tailhead beginning to feel spongy
  • withers appear rounded over spine
  • shoulders and neck blend smoothly into body
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41
Q

Describe BCS of 6.

A
  • may have slight crease down back
  • fat over ribs fleshy/spongy
  • fat around tailhead soft
  • fat beginning to be deposited along side of withers, behind shoulders, and along sides of neck
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42
Q

How do you score the cresty neck?

A
  • grade of accumulation fo fat in crest of neck along nuchal ligament
  • graded 0-5 with 0 being none and 5 being excessive
43
Q

Where do you measure height?

A

top of the withers

44
Q

Ponies are what maximum height?

A

14.2 hh

45
Q

1 hand equals how many inches?

A

4 inches

46
Q

Horses are measured in what units?

A

hands

47
Q

List the steps to use a height stick.

A
  • pull on the numbered section of the height stick until the red button clicks into place
  • press top button to swing black arm horizontally
  • lower black horizontal arm to the top of the withers
  • ensure stick is being held level with ground
48
Q

List the steps to use a weight tape to measure height.

A
  • ensure you are using the correct side of the tape
  • locate where you step on the tape
  • step on tape close to front hoof and pull tape straight up from ground
  • look across to the withers to estimate the height
49
Q

List the steps of using a weight tape to measure weight.

A
  • wrap tape around the horse just behind the front limbs
  • read where the tape overlaps
50
Q

What do you examine haircoat for?

A
  • shiny or dull
  • appropriate length for season
  • areas of hair loss
51
Q

What do you examine main and tail for?

A
  • evidence of rubbing due to itchiness
52
Q

What do you examine eyes for?

A
  • color of conjucticva
  • holding eye open vs squinting closed
  • presence of discharge
53
Q

What do you examine the nostrils for?

A
  • mucous membranes
  • discharge
  • airflow
  • odor
54
Q

What are the locations of equine mucous membranes?

A
  • oral
  • nasal
  • ocular
  • vulvar
55
Q

What is a normal equine CRT?

A

<2 seconds

56
Q

What are the only lymph nodes that are always palpable in the horse?

A

submandibular lymph nodes

57
Q

Where can you palpate the submandibular lymph nodes?

A
  • situated in between the mandibles
  • roughly arranged in the shape of a V with the apex of the V positioned rostrally
58
Q

Where do you palpate a pulse on a horse?

A
  • facial artery
  • transverse facial artery
59
Q

Where can you find the facial artery?

A
  • facial artery travels along the medial aspect of each mandible with the facial vein
  • crosses to lateral aspect of the mandible at the rostral aspect og the messeter muscle (cheek)
60
Q

What is a normal equine pulse?

A

28-40 bpm

61
Q

Where can you find the transverse facial artery?

A

caudal and often slightly ventral to each eye

62
Q

What should you pay attention to when palpating for a pulse?

A
  • pulse rate
  • rhythm
  • quality (strong vs weak)
63
Q

What do you examine the neck for?

A
  • symmetry
  • swelling (edema)
  • heat
  • pain
64
Q

The esophagus travels down what side of the ventral neck?

A

left

65
Q

The trachea travels down what of the ventral neck?

A

midline

66
Q

What do you look for on jugular vein examination?

A
  • inspection (jugular furrow should appear empty)
  • palpation (swelling, heat, pain)
  • jugular pulsations (should not be visible above the lower 1/3 of the jugular groove)
  • jugular fill time
67
Q

Describe the steps for a skin turgor test.

A
  • pinch skin to create vertical skin fold
  • loft skin away from neck and release
  • count number of seconds for skin to flatten
68
Q

What is a normal skin turgor test result?

A

<2 seconds

69
Q

What should you take into consideration during a skin turgor test?

A
  • age of the horse since skin becomes more elastic with age
70
Q

You interpret skin turgor findings along with what other findings?

A
  • mucous membrane
  • CRT
71
Q

When auscultating the heart, what should you pay attention to?

A
  • heart rate
  • rhythm
  • presence/absence of murmurs
72
Q

What location should you use to determine a hearat rate and rhythm?

A

left side of thorax with bell deep to the point of the elbow

73
Q

What location should you use to determine presence/absence of heart murmur?

A

left and right side of thorax

74
Q

Where do you find the mitral valve?

A

5th intercostal on left side

75
Q

Where do you find the aortic valve?

A

4th intercostal on left side

76
Q

Where do you find the pulmonic valve?

A

3rd intercostal on left side

77
Q

Where do you find the tricuspid valve?

A

3rd-4th intercostal on right side

78
Q

How do you evaluate the lungs?

A
  • inspection of respiratory effort
  • determining respiratory rate
  • auscultation of lung fields
79
Q

Horses have what type of inspiration and expiration?

A

biphasic

80
Q

How do you inspect respiratory effort?

A
  • observe patient from a distance for signs of increased effort indicated by flared nostrils or exaggerated abdominal movement
81
Q

What are methods of determining respiratory rate?

A
  • visualize abdomen expansion/contraction
  • visualize nostril flaring
  • feel airflow at nostrils
  • auscultate over trachea
82
Q

What is a normal respiration rate for a horse?

A

8-16 breaths per minutes

83
Q

What is the location of lung field auscultation (dorsal border, cranial border, ventral border)?

A
  • dorsal border: epaxial muscles in line with the point of the hip
  • cranial border: shoulder/triceps muscle
  • ventral border: slightly curved line from last intercostal space at the level of the point of the hip to the point of the elbow
84
Q

How many sites should you evaluate per lung field?

A

3-4
- at least 1 site per dorsal, middle, ventral regions for at least 1 full breath each

85
Q

How do you evaluate the abdomen?

A
  • inspection of symmetry
  • palpation
  • auscultation
  • rectal temperature
86
Q

What are you listening for on abdominal auscultation?

A

borborygmi (GI sounds/gut sounds)

87
Q

How long should you listen at each abdominal quadrant?

A

5-10 seconds

88
Q

What is a normal rectal temperature in a horse?

A

99-101.5 F

89
Q

How do you describe and interpret decreased GI sounds?

A
  • indicated hypomotility
  • long pause between sounds
  • possible cause is colic (impaction, displacement)
90
Q

How do you describe and interpret normal GI sounds?

A
  • indicated normal GI motility
  • semi continuous sounds
91
Q

How do you describe and interpret increased GI sounds?

A
  • indicated hypermotility
  • continuous sounds, no pause
  • possible cause is colic (diarrhea, colitis)
92
Q

How do you evaluate limbs?

A
  • palpation of limbs
  • palpation of digital pulses
  • palpation of hooves
93
Q

What are you palpating limbs for?

A
  • swelling of tissue (edema)
  • distension of joints (effusion)
  • heat
  • pain response
94
Q

How many limbs should you palpate for digital pulse?

A

All 4

95
Q

What is the location of digital pulse for palpation?

A
  • digital palmar/plantar artery runs along the medial and lateral spect of the distal limb with the palmar/plantar vein and nerve
  • easiest place to palpate is the palmar/plantar aspect of the widest part of the fetlock on both medial and lateral sides
96
Q

Describe normal digital pulses.

A

barely palpable

97
Q

Abnormal/increased digital pulses indicate what?

A

inflammation in the hoof

98
Q

What are possible causes of abnormal digital pulses?

A
  • hoof abscess
  • laminitis
99
Q

What do you palpate hooves for?

A

hoof temperature

100
Q

Desribe normal hoof palpation.

A

cool to touch

101
Q

Increased hoof temperature indicates what?

A
  • inflammation of hoof
102
Q

What are possible causes of increased hoof temperature?

A
  • hoof abscess
  • laminitis
103
Q

How do you determine hydration status?

A
  • mucous membrane color and moisture
  • CRT
  • skin turgor

Clinical Skills (7 decks)

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