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Clinical Skills > Canine PE > Flashcards

Canine PE Flashcards

1
Q

List the steps involved for a physical exam.

A
  • read patient and assess FAS
  • assess general appearance, behavior, gait, posture, orientation, BCS, and state of consciousness
  • properly approach patient and lift if needed
  • properly restrain patient
  • get vitals within 5 minutes of meeting patient (HR, RR, Temp, MM, CRT)
  • examine head
  • palpate peripheral LN
  • auscultate heart and lungs, feel femoral pulse while auscultating heart, palpate thoracic region
  • palpate abdomen
  • palpate each limb and take them through ROM
  • lift tail and look at perineal area
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2
Q

What does a signalment include?

A
  • name (optional)
  • age
  • sex and if altered
  • color (optional)
  • breed
  • species
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3
Q

What do you examine for general appearance?

A
  • mentation
  • FAS
  • BCS
  • gait and posture
  • behavior
  • orientation
  • state of consciousness
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4
Q

What is “normal” mentation?

A
  • BAR (bright, alert, responsive)
  • QAR (quiet, alert, responsive)
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5
Q

What is considered “abnormal” mentation?

A
  • dull or obtunded (decreased response to environmental stimuli)
  • stuporous (responds only to painful stimuli)
  • comatose (no response to painful stimuli)
  • inappropriate (neuro deficits)
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6
Q

BCS is scored out of how many numbers?

A

9

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7
Q

Describe BCS of 1.

A
  • all bondy prominences evident from a distance
  • no discernible body fat
  • obvious loss of muscle mass
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8
Q

Describe BCS of 2.

A
  • ribs, lumbar vertebrae, and pelvic bones easily visible
  • no palpable fat
  • some evidence of other bony prominences
  • minimal loss of muscle mass
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9
Q

Describe BCS of 3.

A
  • ribs easily palpated and may be visible with no palpable fat
  • tops of lumbar vertebrae visible
  • pelvic bones becoming prominent
  • obious waist and abdominal tuck
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10
Q

Describe BCS of 4.

A
  • ribs easily palpable with minimal fat covering
  • waist easily noted when viewed from above
  • abdominal tuck evident
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11
Q

Describe BCS of 5.

A
  • ribs palpable without excess fat covering
  • waist observed behind ribs when viewed from above
  • abdomen tucked up when viewed from side
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12
Q

Decribe BCS of 6.

A
  • ribs palpable with slight excess fat covering
  • waist is discernible viewed from above but is not prominent
  • abdominal tuck apparent
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13
Q

Describe BCS of 7.

A
  • ribs palpate with difficulty; heavy fat cover
  • noticeable fat deposits over lumbar area and base of tail
  • waist absent or barely visible
  • abdominal tuck may be present
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14
Q

Describe BCS of 8.

A
  • ribs not palpable under very heavy fat cover or palpable only with significant pressure
  • heavy fat deposits over lumbar area and base of tail
  • waist absent
  • no abdominal tuck
  • obvious abdominal distension may be present
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15
Q

Describe BCS of 9.

A
  • massive fat deposits over thorax, spine, and base of tail
  • waist and abdominal tuck absent
  • fat deposits on neck and limbs
  • obvious abdominal distension
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16
Q

What is a normal BCS?

A

4-5

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17
Q

Vitals should be taken within how long of meeting patient?

A

5 minutes

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18
Q

What do healthy mucous membranes look like?

A

pink and moist

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19
Q

What are abnormal mucous membrane presentations?

A
  • pale and dry
  • icterus (yellow)
  • cyanotic (blue/purple)
  • petechia (bright red spotting)
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20
Q

Describe how to take CRT.

A
  • find unpigmented oral mucous membrane
  • blanche (press lightly onto gums)
  • remove finger and determine the time of fill
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21
Q

What is a normal CRT?

A

returns to color in 1-2 seconds

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22
Q

A CRT greater than 2 seconds is called what?

A

delayed CRT

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23
Q

What is CRT and what is it evaluating?

A
  • capillary refill time
  • crude evaluation of circulation and perfusion
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24
Q

Describe how to perform skin tent.

A

Lift skin on forehead or between shoulder blades and determine the time for skin to return to original location.

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25
Q

What does a skin tent show on a dehydrated patient?

A

delayed or prolonged return of skin

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26
Q

What are the clinical signs for a patient with less than 5% dehydration?

A

no clinical signs

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27
Q

What are the clinical signs for a patient with 5-8% dehydration?

A
  • subtle loss of skin elasticity and skin turgor
  • tacky or sticky MM
  • normal eyes
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28
Q

What are the clinical signs for a patient with 8-10% dehydration?

A
  • skin tenting
  • dry MM
  • sunken eyes
  • dull corneas
  • tachycardia
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29
Q

What are the clinical signs for a patient with greater than 10% dehydration?

A
  • considerable loss of skin turgor
  • severely sunken eyes
  • tachycardia
  • weak and thready pulse
  • hypotension
  • altered level of consciousness
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30
Q

What is a normal temperature in a canine?

A

100-102.5 F

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31
Q

What is a normal temperature in a feline?

A

100-102.5 F

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32
Q

What is a normal pulse for a canine?

A
  • Large: 60-120 bpm
  • Small: 120-160 bpm
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33
Q

What is a normal respiratory rate for a canine?

A

10-30 rpm

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34
Q

What is a normal pulse for a feline?

A

160-180 bpm

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35
Q

What is a normal respiratory rate for a feline?

A

10-30 bpm

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36
Q

What can influence vital signs?

A
  • age
  • breed
  • stress
  • excitement
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37
Q

How can you determine heart rate and respiratory rate?

A
  • count number of beats or breaths per 15 seconds and multiply by 4
  • count number of beats or breaths per 30 seconds and multiply by 2
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38
Q

Is it acceptable to count a heart or respiratory rate for 6 seconds and multiple by 10?

A

NO

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39
Q

Where can you collect a heart rate?

A
  • auscultate or palpate apex beat (mitral valve) on left hemithorax
  • palpate femoral artery pulse
40
Q

Where can you collect a respiratory rate?

A
  • visualzie thorax and abdomen move with each breath from a distance
  • palpate each inhalation on caudal thorax/cranial abdomen
  • auscultate with stehoscope on thorax or trachea
41
Q

If a patient is panting, how do you record respiratory rate?

A

Can record as “panting” but still count a rate. It will be tachypneic

42
Q

What do you evaluate for eyes?

A
  • eyelid symmetry and shape
  • pupil symmetry
  • conjuctiva
  • discharge
  • globe (position, movement, vision, lens, cornea, sclera, fundus)
  • cranial nerve functions associated with eyes
43
Q

What cranial nerve reflex/response is associated with eyes?

A
  • palpebral reflex
  • menace response
  • pupillary light reflex (direct and indirect)
  • dazzle light reflex
44
Q

Describe palpebral reflex.

A
  • gently touch medial/lateral canthus
  • if CN V (trigeminal) and VII (facial) intact, then it will ilicit a blink
45
Q

Describe menace repsonse.

A
  • gently advance hand to eye of interest and if that eye blinks ot patient moves away CN II (optic), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) intact.
  • cover the opposite eye, do not touch eyelashes, and do not bring in execssive airflow to avoid false response
46
Q

Describe the pupillary light reflex (direct and indirect).

A
  • direct: pupils constrict when shined in eye
  • indirect: contralateral pupil constricts (to less degree) when shines in opposition eye
47
Q

Describe the dazzle light reflex.

A
  • alternative to pupillary light reflex if the pupils can’t be visualized
48
Q

What do you evaluate for ears?

A
  • external pinnae (concave and convex)
  • grossly examine external ear canal for discharge, stenosis, pruritis, excoriations, and masses/polyps)
  • otoscopic exam of horizontal canal and determine if tympanic membrane intact
49
Q

What do you evaluate for nose?

A
  • shape, symmetry, color, erosions
  • nares (patency and discharge)
50
Q

What do you examine for oral cavity?

A
  • is mouth painful when opened
  • are hard and soft palate intact
  • are there any masses
  • dental occlusion
  • teeth and gums
  • tongue (including under)
51
Q

How do you examine the neck?

A
  • palpate trachea from larynx to thoracic inlet
  • try to elicit a cough with extra-tracheal palpation
  • check the thyroid (generally not palpable)
  • attempt to visualize jugular vein or note a jugular pulse (not normal)
  • palpalte mandibular LN
  • Palate mandibular salivary glands
52
Q

Describe healthy peripheral lymph nodes.

A
  • symmetric to contralateral LN
  • soft
  • mobile
  • non-painful
  • no heat
53
Q

What are the palpable peripheral lymph nodes?

A
  • mandibular LN
  • Popliteal LN
  • Prescapular LN
  • manidbular salivary gland
54
Q

What are the non palpable peripheral lymph nodes?

A
  • axillary LN
  • iliac LN
  • inguinal LN
55
Q

What do you evaluate for skin?

A
  • run hands over entire surface of skin (including ventral abdomen and paw pads)
  • describe coat quality
  • describe any masses
  • describe any pathology
  • ectoparastite presence
56
Q

What is included in a musculoskeletal evaluation?

A
  • thoracic limbs
  • spine - cervial to coccygeal
  • pelvic limbs
  • evaluate gait if not already done prior
57
Q

How do you examine thoracic limbs?

A
  • examine from digits to scapula
  • palpate muscle development, symmetry between limbs
  • systematically flex/extend each joint
  • palpate bones for fractures/instability
  • edema or joint effusion presence
  • presence of pain, heat, masses, foreign bodies
  • conscious proprioception
58
Q

What is the purpose of testing conscious proprioception?

A

evaluates patient’s awareness of their limbs in space and their ability to correct any abnormal positioning

59
Q

How do you examine spine?

A
  • palpate along each dorsal spinous process/transverse process from cercival to coccygeal for pain, crepitus, or assymetry
  • evalute epaxial muscle development and symmetry
  • hyper flex neck and extend dorsally and ventrally
  • flex laterally in right and left directions
  • lift tail to evaluate for pain
60
Q

How do you examine pelvic limbs?

A
  • examine from digits to coxofemoral joint
  • palpate muscle development, symmetry between limbs
  • systematically flex/extend each joint
  • palpate bones for fractures/instability
  • edema or joint effusion presence
  • presence of pain, heat, masses, foreign bodies
  • conscious proprioception
61
Q

How do you examine the thorax?

A
  • palpate both sides of ribs at same time
  • look for symmetry of ribs
  • masses?
  • cardiac and respiratory evaluation
62
Q

What are the steps of a cardiovascular evaluation?

A
  • collect heart rate if not done prior
  • auscultate left and right sides of the heart
  • assess femoral pulse
63
Q

What valves are you listening for on the left side of the thorax and what are their associated intercostal spaces?

A
  • mitral valve: 5th intercostal
  • aortic valve: 4th intercostal
  • pulmonic valve: 3rd intercostal
64
Q

What valve are you listening for on the right side of the thorax and its associated intercostal space?

A
  • tricuspid valve: 4th-5th intercostal
65
Q

Describe a healthy cardiac auscultation.

A
  • strong
  • no murmurs
  • no arrythmias
66
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A
  • abnormal movement of blood through heart chambers and valves
  • graded 1-6
67
Q

What is an arrythmia?

A
  • abnormal rhythm
  • requires ECG for further evaluation
68
Q

The femoral pulse should be what in relation to the heart rate?

A

strong and synchronous

69
Q

When you auscultate the heart, you also palpate what?

A

femoral arterial pulse

70
Q

What are the steps for a respiratory evaluation?

A
  • assess respiratory effort
  • auscultate trachea to appreciate referred upper airway sounds
  • auscultate three locations on left and right hemithoraxes (cranioventral, central, dorsal) for 1-2 breaths each
71
Q

Describe the dorsal and ventral lung fields.

A
  • ventral lung field along sternum goes from thoracic inlet to 7th rib
  • dorsal lung field along spine ends at 11th rib
72
Q

Decribe normal trachea sounds.

A

harsh, tubular sounds

73
Q

Describe tertor trachea sounds and what they indicate.

A
  • snoring or snorting
  • nasal cavity/pharynx abnormality
74
Q

Describe stridor tracheal sounds and what they indicate.

A
  • wheezes (airflow restriction)
  • continues high pitch (larynx abnormality
75
Q

Lungs elicit bronchovesicular sounds. Describe what each is associated with and their sounds.

A
  • Bronchial: associated with central regions of lungs. tubular sounds, similar to trachea sounds but more quiet
  • vesicular: associated with eripheral lung (cranioventral and dorsal). soft sounds.
76
Q

What are abnormal respiratory sounds?

A
  • decreased sounds
  • increased (harsh) sounds
  • crackles
  • wheezes
77
Q

How do you perform an abdominal palpation?

A
  • fingertips/palms points dorsally
  • begin just caudal to ribs and end at pelvis
  • use gentle but firm and directed pressure
  • slide hands cranial to caudal and dorsal to ventral
78
Q

What organs should be palpable on a normal abdominal palpation?

A
  • intestines if feces are present
  • bladder if full
  • caudal pole of left kidney in dogs
  • both kidneys in cats
79
Q

What organs should not be palpable on a normal abdominal palpation?

A
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • stomach
  • adrenal glands
  • spleen
  • uterus
80
Q

How can you describe abdominal palpation findings?

A
  • soft/compliant vs tense/hard
  • non painful vs painful
  • abdominal masses
  • organomegaly
  • urinary bladder fullness: turgid/distended, mildly, moderately, non palpable (empty)
81
Q

What do you evaluate the anus for?

A
  • anal sphincter tone
  • anal sac
  • temperature
82
Q

What do you examine the perineum for?

A
  • skin
  • edematous
  • masses
  • fistulas
  • hernia
83
Q

What do you evaluate the vulva for?

A
  • discharge
  • erythema
  • swelling
84
Q

What do you examine the mammary glands for?

A
  • supernumerary vs missing
  • edematous
  • warm
  • discharge
  • masses
85
Q

How many mammary glands should there be?

A

5 bilaterally, 10 total

86
Q

What do you examine the prepuce for?

A
  • discharge
  • erythema
  • edematous
87
Q

What do you examine the penis for?

A
  • discharge
  • erythema
  • edematous
88
Q

What do you examine the testicles for?

A
  • symmetry
  • bilateral descent
89
Q

What do you examine the prostate for via rectal examination?

A
  • small in size
  • symmetry
  • non painful
90
Q

Small otoscope cones are used for what patients?

A

cats or dogs under 20 pounds

91
Q

Medium otoscope cones are used for what patients?

A

dogs 20-80 pounds

92
Q

Large otoscope cones are used for what patients?

A

dogs greater than 80 pounds or dogs under anesthesia

93
Q

Describe how to use an otoscope.

A
  • gently insert cone into the center of the lumen of the vertical ear canal
  • as the canal narrows and bends, the pinna is grasped gently and moved outward and downward to straighten out ear canal
  • after making the bend into the horizontal ear canal and advancing the speculum, the eardrum (tympanic membrane) should be visualized
94
Q

Describe a healthy prostate.

A
  • non painful
  • bilobed/symmetrical
  • smooth
  • no masses
95
Q

How big is a normal prostate?

A
  • about 3-5 cm wide from left to right
  • about 1.5-2.5 cm long from cranial to caudal

Clinical Skills (7 decks)

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