L9 MEIOSIS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the genetic makeup of asexual offspring?

A

They are identical copies of parents, have identical DNA copies.

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2
Q

What is the genetic makeup of sexual offspring?

A

Their genes are a unique combination of maternal and paternal genes.

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3
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

A non-sex cell

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4
Q

How many chromosomes do somatic cells have?

A

46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs of chromosomes.

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5
Q

How may chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23 chromosomes, no pairs.

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: the daughter cells produced in meiosis are exact copies of parental cells.

A

FALSE: in mitosis, daghter cells are copies. In meiosis, daughter cells have unique genes.

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7
Q

What is an autosome?

A

A non-sex chromosome.

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8
Q

Fill in the blanks.

A

CHROMOSOME consisting of one CHROMATID.
Both chromosomes are SISTER CHROMATIDS.
On the right is a DUPLICATED CHROMOSOME
The middle of the chromosome is the CENTROMERE.

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9
Q

Fill in the blanks.

A

PROPHASE I:
The REPLICATED chromosomes condense. Homologous chromosomes come together in SYNAPSIS and CROSSING-OVER occurs. Chromosomes attach to the SPINDLE.

Duplicated/replicated chromosomes are NOT the same as homologous chromo.

The replication of the chromosome happened in interphase.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank.

A

METAPHASE I:
TETRADS like up at the METAPHASE plate.

Spindles also attach to kinetochores.

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11
Q

Fill in the blanks.

A

ANAPHASE I:
Each CHROMOSOME separates from its TETRAD. They move to OPPOSITE POLES OF THE CELL.

goes from 2N > N

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12
Q

Fill in the blanks.

A

TELOPHASE I:
The nucleus completes division. The CHROMOSOMES are still composed of SISTER CHROMATIDS.

These sister chromatids are no longer identical due to crossover.

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13
Q

Fill in the blanks.

A

PROPHASE II:
The CENTRIOLES in the two new cells move to opposite poles and new SPINDLE FIBRES form. The CHROMOSOMES become attached to the SPINDLE.

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14
Q

Fill in blanks.

A

METAPHASE II:
CHROMOSOMES line up at the METAPHASE plate.

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15
Q

Fill in the blanks.

A

ANAPHASE II:
RECOMBINED/SISTER CHROMATIDS of each chromosome separate and move to OPPOSITE POLLS.

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16
Q

Fill in the blanks.

A

TELOPHASE II:
The cytoplasm separates, leaving FOUR HAPLOID DAUGHTER cells. The CHROMOSOME number has been reduced by half.

17
Q

When does chromosome replication occur?

A

During Interphase before the meiosis.

18
Q

Whay is synapsis?

A

Synapsis is the process where homologous chromosomes come together to form tetrad and are held together by proteins.

19
Q

What is Chiasma?

A

Chiasma is the physical manifestation of crossing over.

20
Q

What is the main goal of Meiosis II?

A

To separate the sister chromatids, and distribute each copy of each chromosome into a new cell.

21
Q

What three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation in meiosis?

A
  1. Independent assortment of chromosomes.
  2. Crossing over.
  3. Random fertilization.
22
Q

What are the names for the processed of male and female gamete cells going through meiosis?

A

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis.

23
Q

Why is independent assortment of chromosomes important?

A

The randion orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I allow for millions of possible chromosome combination = extreme diversity.

24
Q

What is a recombinant chromosome?

A

The result of crossing over, where a chromosome has been recombined with new genes. # of genes stays the same, but alleles may differ.

25
Q

What is meant by random fertilization?

A

Any sperm can fuse with any ovum during reproduction.

26
Q

What is a polar body?

A

Non-functional gamete cell produced in Oogenesis.