L9 Inheritance and Mandelian Genetics Flashcards
Mendelian Genetics
Study of inheritance patterns established by Gregor Mendel.
Gregor Mendel
Austrian monk known as the father of genetics.
True-breeding plants
Plants that consistently produce offspring with the same traits.
Monohybrid cross
Cross between two individuals differing in one trait.
Dominant allele
Allele that expresses trait with one copy present.
Recessive allele
Allele that expresses trait only with two copies present.
Phenotype
Observable traits resulting from genotype.
Genotype
Combination of alleles in an individual.
Punnett square
Tool to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
Test cross
Cross to determine genotype of an individual.
Dihybrid cross
Cross examining two traits simultaneously.
Law of dominance
Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles in phenotype.
Law of segregation
Alleles segregate randomly during gamete formation.
Law of independent segregation
Genes for different traits segregate independently.
Co-dominance
Both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed.
Pleiotropy
Single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits.
Genetic heterogeneity
Same phenotype caused by different genes.
Polygenic traits
Traits controlled by multiple genes.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Set of genes important for immune response.
Embryonic lethal
Gene knockout causing non-viable embryos.
Mouse gestation
Average gestation period of ~20 days.
Litter size
Average number of offspring per birth.
