L8 Gerenartion of genetic diversity(Sheet1)

Question 1

Genetic Diversity

Answer 1

Variability in genetic makeup among individuals.

Question 2

Mutation

Answer 2

Change in DNA sequence driving evolution.

Question 3

Karyotypic Changes

Answer 3

Alterations in chromosome structure or number.

Question 4

When do mutations arise?

Answer 4

1.During DNA replication
2.Through DNA damage

Question 5

DNA Replication Error Rate

Answer 5

1 error per 100,000 nucleotides.

Question 6

What are the two methods to fix DNA error rate?

Answer 6

1. Polymerases have ‘proof reading’ domains
2. Missmatch repair

Question 7

Proofreading Domains

Answer 7

Polymerase features correcting DNA replication errors.

Question 8

Mismatch Repair

Answer 8

Mechanism fixing incorrectly paired DNA bases.

Question 9

Base-Excision Repair

Answer 9

Repair process for oxidative DNA damage.

Question 10

Transition Mutation

Answer 10

Substitution between purines or pyrimidines.

Question 11

Transversion Mutation

Answer 11

Substitution between purines and pyrimidines.

Question 12

Silent Mutation

Answer 12

A change in DNA that does not effect the amino acid and protein function.

Question 13

Missense Mutation

Answer 13

Amino acid change due to single base substitution.

Question 14

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 14

Insertion or deletion causing misreading of codons.

Question 15

Nonsense Mutation

Answer 15

Mutation creating a premature stop codon.

Question 16

Sequence Divergence

Answer 16

Evolutionary changes in DNA sequences over time. Mutation rate is relatively fixed over time. so, DNA sequence similarity can be used as a measure of evolutionary time.

Question 17

What is Nomenclature of missense muation used for?

Answer 17

A mutation that changes an amino acid st a specific position in aprotein.i.e., A521E (A=what the amino acid was, 521= the location in the polypeptide, E= what the amino acid is now changed into)

Particular nomenclature is used to describe where mutations have happened.

Question 18

Conserved Sequences

Answer 18

Essential genes maintained across species.

Question 19

Genome Instability

Answer 19

Increased mutation rates leading to evolutionary change.

Question 20

Cancer Karyotypes

Answer 20

Extreme genetic diversity associated with cancer.

Question 21

HIV Resistance

Answer 21

35bp deletion in CCR5 gene provides immunity.

Question 22

Natural Selection

Answer 22

Process favoring advantageous genetic variations.

Question 23

Polymerases

Answer 23

Enzymes responsible for DNA synthesis.

Question 24

SARS-Cov-2 Mutation

Answer 24

N501Y mutation affects Spike protein function.

Question 25

Structural Variants

Answer 25

Large-scale alterations in genome structure.

Question 26

Micro-chromosomes

Answer 26

Small chromosomes with fewer genes.

Question 27

When chromosomal changes useful?

Answer 27

It's useful when swapping DNA in meiosis, but not so useful in integration of viruses.

Question 28

Genome Size

Answer 28

Total amount of genetic material in an organism.