L3 Phylogeny and the History of life

Question 1

Prezygotic reproductive isolation

Answer 1

Mechanism preventing mating before fertilization occurs.

Question 2

Cichlid fish

Answer 2

Species exhibiting depth-based reproductive isolation in Lake Victoria.

Question 3

Assortative mating

Answer 3

Mating preference based on specific traits.

Question 4

Sympatric speciation

Answer 4

Speciation occurring in the same geographic area.

Question 5

Convergent evolution

Answer 5

Independent evolution of similar traits in different species.

Question 6

Homologous traits

Answer 6

Traits shared due to common ancestry.

Question 7

Analogous traits

Answer 7

Traits with similar functions but different origins.

Question 8

Clade

Answer 8

Monophyletic group including an ancestor and descendants.

Question 9

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 9

Diagram representing evolutionary relationships among species.

Question 10

Sister group

Answer 10

Closest relative in a phylogenetic tree.

Question 11

Outgroup

Answer 11

A species used for comparison in phylogenetic studies.

Question 12

Paraphyletic group

Answer 12

Group excluding some descendants of a common ancestor.

Question 13

Transitional fossils

Answer 13

Fossils showing intermediate evolutionary forms.

Question 14

Cetaceans

Answer 14

Marine mammals including whales and dolphins.

Question 15

Whale-hippo hypothesis

Answer 15

Theory linking whale evolution to hippo ancestors.

Question 16

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 16

Bacterium causing tuberculosis in humans and animals.

Question 17

Granuloma

Answer 17

Immune response structure formed during tuberculosis infection.

Question 18

Geological timescale

Answer 18

Chronological framework for Earth’s history and life.

Question 19

Great oxygenation event

Answer 19

Period when atmospheric oxygen levels significantly increased.

Question 20

LUCA

Answer 20

Last universal common ancestor of all life.

Question 21

Phylogenetic methods

Answer 21

Techniques for reconstructing evolutionary relationships.

Question 22

Comparative anatomy

Answer 22

Study of similarities and differences in organism structures.

Question 23

Comparative genomics

Answer 23

Analysis of genomic similarities across species.

Question 24

Eutrophication

Answer 24

Nutrient enrichment leading to algal blooms and biodiversity loss.

Question 25

Behavioral ecology

Answer 25

Study of ecological and evolutionary basis of animal behavior.

Question 26

Sexual selection

Answer 26

Natural selection based on mating success.

Question 27

Fossil record

Answer 27

Historical evidence of past life preserved in rocks.

Question 28

Tetrapod evolution

Answer 28

Transition from fish to land-dwelling vertebrates.

Question 29

Nucleotide sequences

Answer 29

DNA sequences used to study evolutionary relationships.