L9- Cogntion In The Workplace

Question 1

Expliain what training in the workplace is

Answer 1

Learning how to independently perform a job.

Question 2

Name the three types of knowledge

Answer 2

Declarative= (verbalisable) episodic and semantic
Procedural = (skills, where the procedure is completed automatically)
Attitude= why we do certain things

Question 3

In a workplace, what is the difference between procedural and declarative learning

Answer 3

Treated differently in the workplace,
Declarative is verbalisable, deeper process to help understanding and memory is stored within schemas.

Procedural; how to do things automatically, cannot verbalise these. Natural ability. Different brain system. Feedback is used in order to help perform procedural knowledge better

Question 4

How do we acquire declarative knowledge

Answer 4

Through different levels of processing. Deeper processing means better memory.

Question 5

List in order the levels of processing:

Answer 5

Sensory processing
Pattern recognition
Attaching meaning
Related thoughts and memory (deepest process)

Question 6

Explain Tresselt and Mayzer 1960,deeper declarative processing study:

Answer 6

They gave each participants a list of words and were asked to do one of the following:
-cross out vowels (least level of processing)
-copy list by hand
-judge if to do w economics (highest level of processing)
Then were given a surprise memory test; showed recall was improved when higher level of processing occurred.

Question 7

In the workplace; trainers should do what when trying to teach a worker declarative material

Answer 7

Should help them process this more deeply .

Link content to what is already known for a deeper understanding and remember it more.

Question 8

Explain Bartletts schema theory

Answer 8

War of the ghosts story.
Read this native american folk tale.
Previous schemas used to apply to story when recalling

Question 9

Within declarative knowledge, schemas need to be considered within the workplace. What should occur for these to be implemented within the workplace?

Answer 9

Help aid development of appropriate schema for the information to help retention (fill in the gap within memory with appropriate memory)
Connect existing knowledge to understand the underlying concepts

Question 10

In the workplace, how does acquiring procedural knowledge occur?

Answer 10

Knowledge is typically declarative at first, but becomes increasingly effortless through practise and feedback within the workplace.

Training in the workplace should reflect this difference

Question 11

Feedback in the workplace for procedural knowledge should be what?

Answer 11

Not too often as this makes the worker reliant on this

However when giving feedback, too much feedback can become overwhelming so saying the main issue will help improve without overwhelming them.

Question 12

Explain how scheduling both declarative and procedural memory can enhance memory: what study reflects this?

Answer 12

Learning is enhanced when distributed within small chunks evenly spaced out over time. This improvement applies to both types of knowledge (declarative and procedural).

Shea and morgan 1979- best retention when random small chunks

Seabrook brown and solity 2005 exp 2
= better recall by two-three minute sessions a day than 6 minutes

Question 13

Name the two theories of attitude change within the workplace:

Answer 13

Both provide two routes to attitude change:

Heuristic systematic model
Elaboration likelihood model

Effortful evaluations of the merits of arguments
Rules of thumb to decide wether to trust the source of arguments

Question 14

Name the two routes which are used to process and can complete attitude change

Answer 14

Systematic route= base opinion on arguments (more effortful and used when more purpose)
Heuristic route = base opinion on peripheral / emotional factors (less effort, used when not that bothereD)

Question 15

Attitude change in the workplace, explain how different safety campains can effect the two types of routes for attitude change

Answer 15

Heuristic route: safety campaigns need to be presented by likeable and trustworthy sources. These are likely to have a short lasting effect.

Systematic route; safety campaigns are likely to have longer lasting effects, the argument doesn’t have to be appealing

Question 16

Explain what expected utility theory is within decision making:

Answer 16

It calculates the payoff “in the long run” if choice is present over and over again.

This theory is irrelevant to a lifetime opportunity.

Question 17

What is behavioural decision theory?

Answer 17

We overestimate the probability of unlikely events but we underestimate the probability to more likely events.

It assumes characteristic errors in evlaution

Question 18

Explain bounded rationality within decision making

Answer 18

Cognitive abilities are limited and people are rational within these.

We may not be able to evaluate expected outcome so we use heuristics (rule of thumb)

But these heuristics may be bias.

Question 19

Explain prospect theory within decision making:

Answer 19

This is similar to utility theory

Where people evaluate the gains and loses seperately as opposed to the final state after the gains and loses.

Loses are heavily weighted in comparison to gains even if you were to make profit.

Question 20

Explain naturalistic decision making

Answer 20

We do not carefully evaluate options. Instead we recognise the situation and respond to a course of action without comparing to alternatives.

Input:output approach

Question 21

Explain the effects of teams on memory retrieval

Answer 21

Two people working separately is better than two people working together. =collaborative inhibition

Question 22

What causes collaborative inhibition?

Answer 22

Interference from items that are recalled by other people

Not act of recalling in groups

Question 23

Explain team situational awareness

Answer 23

Representation of reality such as perception of situation and understanding this

A shared representation of reality boosts team performance

Question 24

Explain the retrieval disruption hypothesis in team cognition

Answer 24

During encoding each individual makes a idiosyncratic way of organising information in their memory

At retrieval this disrupts their organisational structure therefore preventing recall

Collaborative inhibition does not occur if group members are not allowed to see each others responces

Question 25

When is working in a team (team cognition) beneficial in a workplace?

Answer 25

Can work together is have a similar declarative knowledge but sharing procedural knowledge can inhibit the team

Question 26

Explain transactive memory in team cognition

Answer 26

Individuals often development different specialisms

Allows group to have a larger range of knowledge and skills of individuals

Prevents wastage by eliminating overlapping knowledge

Members each have a specialism but also knows who specialise in each area