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PSYC 305 > L9/CH13/CH18 > Flashcards

L9/CH13/CH18 Flashcards

1
Q

Health according to WHO

A

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease

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2
Q

Mental health according to Galderisi

A

a dynamic state of internal equilibrium that enables individuals to use their abilities in harmony with universal values of society

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3
Q

Mental health according to WHO

A

realizing potential

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4
Q

Adjustment

A

process of altering behavior to reach a harmonious relationship with one’s environment (e.g. coping with stress, maintaining emotional equilibrium)

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5
Q

Stress

A

a stimulus (e.g. life event, daily hassle) as a response (e.g. fight-or-flight) or as a transaction; subjective feeling produced by events that are uncontrollable or threatening

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6
Q

Transactional model of stress

A

explains how an event is appraised by an individual: primary and secondary

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7
Q

Primary appraisal

A

evaluating whether an event is relevant, threatening/demanding, or a challenge

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8
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

evaluating whether one has the coping resources to deal with an event and what the best course of action is

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9
Q

Coping

A

behavioral response to an event or efforts to manage both internal and external demands, whether successful or not

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10
Q

Transactional model of personality

A

personality can affect the coping response, how a person appraises events, and the events themselves

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11
Q

Appraisal of those high in neuroticism

A

likely to perceive events as stressful/severe, threatening and exhibit greater stress reactivity

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12
Q

Appraisal of those high in extraversion

A

less likely to perceive events as stressful and more likely to appraise events as challenges

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13
Q

Appraisal of those high in agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness

A

low appraisals of threat

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14
Q

Coping strategies of those high in neuroticism

A

greater variety of less effective strategies; more passive and emotion-focused (e.g. self-blame); confrontation/withdrawal

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15
Q

Coping strategies of those high in extraversion

A

more problem-solving; fewer maladaptive strategies and more support-seeking; more positive thinking/reappraisal

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16
Q

Coping strategies of those high in agreeableness

A

likely to engage/protect relationships and seek support; less confrontation; more forgiveness and positive reappraisal

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17
Q

Coping strategies of those high in conscientiousness

A

more active, problem-solving strategies

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18
Q

Coping strategies of those high in openness

A

more positive reappraisal and more likely to use humor

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19
Q

3 main characteristics of hardiness

A

control (internal locus), commitment (sense of purpose and involvement in life), appraisal of events as challenges

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20
Q

Psychological resilience

A

recovery from stress/adversity without a lasting impact (i.e. positive adaptation or successful coping)

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21
Q

3 positive aspects of personality involved in trait resilience

A

self-esteem, personal control, optimism

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22
Q

Ego-resiliency

A

an individual’s adaptive reserve or dynamic ability to temporarily change reactions and perceptions to meet the situational demands of life

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23
Q

Ego-control

A

a person’s ability to control their behavior and impulses

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24
Q

Health behaviors associated with conscientiousness

A

more healthy behaviors and fewer unhealthy or harmful behaviors

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25
Q

Health behaviors associated with neuroticism and extraversion

A

harmful behaviors like smoking

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26
Q

Health outcomes associated with high neuroticism and low extraversion

A

high rates of morbidity/mortality and lower life expectancy overall

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27
Q

Health outcomes associated with high neuroticism and low extraversion in those with poor health

A

low mortality (worry can lead to intervention)

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28
Q

Health outcomes associated with high agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness

A

lower rates of morbidity and higher life expectancy

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29
Q

What is a risk factor for all-cause mortality?

A

low conscientiousness in midlife

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30
Q

Healthy neuroticism (Friedman)

A

the co-occurrence of high neuroticism and high conscientiousness

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31
Q

Behaviors of someone with healthy neuroticism

A

neuroticism leads to hypervigilance about health while conscientiousness provides the self-discipline and planning needed to take adaptive action

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32
Q

Health outcomes associated with healthy neuroticism

A

lower inflammation and BMI, and less chronic disease

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33
Q

Predisposition model

A

associations may exist between personality and illness because of a 3rd variable that is causing them both, a predisposition

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34
Q

Predisposition for illness and behaviors/emotions comprising neuroticism

A

enhanced sympathetic (fight-or-flight system) reactivity

35
Q

Predisposition for novelty-seeking and drug addiction

A

variant or specific alleles of the DRD4 gene that requires more stimulation to reach optimal arousal

36
Q

3 key components of an emotion

A

distinct subjective feeling or affect; bodily changes or symptoms; action tendencies (e.g. running away, fighting back)

37
Q

3 criterias for a basic emotion

A

has a distinct facial expression; recognized across cultures; universal

38
Q

6 primary emotions

A

anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness

39
Q

5 additional primary emotions

A

contempt, shame, embarrassment, amusement, pride

40
Q

2 factors that appear to underlie emotions

A

valence (pleasure-displeasure) and arousal (high-low activation)

41
Q

2 perspectives of emotions

A

temporary states that are situational or specific; trait-like and experienced more frequently/consistently over time

42
Q

Emotional style vs content

A

how emotions are typically experienced (e.g. variable, intense); what types of emotions are frequently experienced

43
Q

High affect intensity/variability

A

emotions experienced strongly; emotionally reactive and variable

44
Q

Traits associated with high affect intensity/variability

A

high neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience

45
Q

Low affect intensity/variability

A

emotions experienced mildly; only gradual fluctuations over time and minor emotional reactions

46
Q

4 primary emotions highly associated with personality

A

unpleasant emotions (anxiety, depression, anger/hostility); pleasant emotions (happiness or subjective well-being)

47
Q

Beck’s cognitive triad

A

depressed people have negative schemas of the self, the world, and the future

48
Q

4 cognitive distortions associated with Beck’s cognitive triad

A

overgeneralizing, arbitrary inferences, personalizing, catastrophizing

49
Q

Overgeneralizing

A

taking one instance and generalizing to many or all other instances (i.e. blowing things out of proportion)

50
Q

Arbitrary inferences

A

jumping to negative conclusions

51
Q

Personalizing

A

assuming that everything is your fault

52
Q

3 characteristics of type A personality

A

hostility (anger); competitive and achievement-striving; time-urgency (impatience)

53
Q

Type B personality (opposite end of continuum)

A

less competitive; more emotionally stable, creative, and reflective

54
Q

2 complementary components of happiness

A

life satisfaction (cognitive) and hedonic balance (affective)

55
Q

Hedonic balance

A

ratio of a person’s positive emotions to their negative emotions, averaged over time

56
Q

Dispositional happiness (subjective well-being)

A

greater tendency to experience happiness over time compared to others

57
Q

3 components of dispositional happiness

A

cognitive appraisal of satisfaction with life; presence of positive emotions; absence of negative emotions

58
Q

Do demographics or personality account for more variance in happiness?

A

personality traits account for 3x more of the variance in happiness than demographics, which accounts for 10-15%

59
Q

Trait tendencies of happy people

A

high in extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness; low in neuroticism

60
Q

Does money buy happiness?

A

prosocial spending has a greater positive impact than spending on oneself; .12 to .25 correlation between income and happiness

61
Q

Dispositional empathy

A

ability to imagine oneself in another’s place and understand the other’s feelings, desires, ideas, and actions

62
Q

4 components of dispositional empathy

A

perspective taking, fantasy (identifying with fictional characters), empathic concern (associated with agreeableness), personal distress (anxiety from negative experiences of others; associated with neuroticism)

63
Q

Social benefits of empathy (especially perspective taking)

A

reduces problematic social attitudes and behaviors (e.g. prejudice, stereotype expression, interpersonal aggression; improves health precautions during disease outbreaks)

64
Q

Relationship between money/power and empathy

A

high SES people show less activity in brain regions associated with empathy while low SES people show more empathy, prosocial behavior, compassion

65
Q

Behavioral tendencies of rich people

A

cut in front while driving; ignore pedestrians; take candy from jar for children; lie to get money

66
Q

Psychological disorder

A

pattern of behavior or experience that’s distressing and painful to the person, and leads to disability or impairment in important life domains

67
Q

What are psychological disorders associated with?

A

increased risk of further suffering, loss of function, death, or confinement

68
Q

3 definitions of abnormality

A

statistical infrequency (2+ SDs above or below mean); failure to function adequately or successfully; violation of social norms and standards

69
Q

3 disorder controversies

A

the extent to which we should pathologize (e.g. extreme racism or homophobia); labelling (either helpful or stigmatizing); defining what’s abnormal

70
Q

Consensus regarding whether disorders are categorical or dimensional

A

no sharp dividing line between psychopathology and normal variation

71
Q

3 main routes to happiness in authentic happiness theory

A

pleasure, engagement, meaning

72
Q

Pleasant life

A

maximizing pleasurable experiences and minimizing painful ones

73
Q

Engaged life

A

happiness is achieved through experiences of flow

74
Q

Meaningful life

A

happiness is achieved by cultivating character strengths and virtues and using them to benefit others

75
Q

Interactional model of personality

A

personality influences how we cope, and moderates the relationship between stress-inducing events and illness

76
Q

Transactional model of personality

A

personality can influence coping, appraisal, or the events themselves; reciprocal influence between stressful events and people

77
Q

Health behavior model of personality

A

personality affects health indirectly through health-promoting or degrading behaviors

78
Q

Predisposition model of personality

A

personality and illness are both expressions of an underlying predisposition

79
Q

Illness behavior model of personality

A

personality influences the degree to which a person perceives and attends to bodily sensations, and interprets those an illness, which then influences their illness behaviors

80
Q

3 common attributes of stressors

A

extreme; often produce opposing tendencies; uncontrollable

81
Q

3 stages in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

82
Q

Alarm stage in GAS

A

fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system and the associated peripheral nervous system reactions

83
Q

Resistance stage in GAS

A

fight-or-flight response has subsided but the body is expending too many resources and exerting too much effort

84
Q

Exhaustion stage in GAS

A

person becomes susceptible to illness as physiological resources are depleted

PSYC 305 (10 decks)

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