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PSYC 305 > L6/CH10/CH11 > Flashcards

L6/CH10/CH11 Flashcards

1
Q

Ego psychology

A

focused on the development of ego within reality and emphasized the role of identity (experienced as a unique, continuous, whole sense of self)

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2
Q

Primary function of ego

A

establishing a secure identity

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3
Q

Identity crisis

A

desperation and confusion one feels when a strong sense of identity hasn’t been developed

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4
Q

Narcissism as a trait

A

an extreme preoccupation with the self with inflated self-admiration, grandiosity, entitlement, and attention-seeking

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5
Q

Self-serving bias

A

tendency for people to take credit for successes yet deny responsibility for failures

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6
Q

Narcissism at a high level

A

bragging/boasting, arrogance, sensitivity to criticism, low empathy, derogation of others, bullying

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7
Q

Striving for superiority

A

pattern of behavior intended to put others down in order to compensate for underlying feelings of inferiority

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8
Q

Narcissism at a moderate level

A

self-serving bias, slightly unrealistically positive self-image, some drive to feel special

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9
Q

Narcissism at a low level

A

very modest, self-effacing

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10
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy accompanied by functional impairments

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11
Q

Malignant narcissism

A

narcissistic and antisocial (e.g. cult leaders)

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12
Q

Tendencies of people high in narcissism

A

use more first-person singular pronouns; look in the mirror and watch recordings of themselves more; interrupt others more during conversations; become distressed and aggressive when insulted; make good first impressions

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13
Q

Social media behaviors of people high in narcissism

A

more active; post more about their accomplishments; take/post more selfies; enjoy debating and trolling more (especially men); receive more likes

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14
Q

Interpersonal behaviors of people high in narcissism

A

divide people to gain power over them; make threats and lies to influence people’s emotions/behaviors; distort reality by arguing fiction is fact; engage in gaslighting; idealize and devalue romantic partners

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15
Q

Inferiority complex (Adler)

A

lack of self-worth and low self-esteem resulting from early development; overcompensate by striving for superiority; foundation for narcissism

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16
Q

The narcissistic paradox (Kohut)

A

narcissism is a complex defense mechanism; although narcissists appear to have high self-esteem, they have doubts over their self-worth

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17
Q

Grandiose or overt narcissism

A

high self-esteem, social dominance, exhibitionism, overestimation of abilities, fantasies about superiority, perfection, omnipotence; closely aligns with clinical criteria for narcissistic personality disorder

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18
Q

What is grandiose narcissism correlated with?

A

high extraversion, low agreeableness and aggressiveness

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19
Q

Vulnerable or covert narcissism

A

anxiety, defensiveness, avoidance, insecurity, hypersensitivity, vulnerability, vigilance for criticism

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20
Q

What is vulnerable narcissism correlated with?

A

high neuroticism, low extraversion, low agreeableness

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21
Q

What do grandiose and vulnerable narcissism both involve?

A

self-centeredness, self-indulgence, entitlement, disregard for others, interpersonal antagonism

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22
Q

3-factor structure of narcissism (Miller)

A

agentic extraversion, antagonism, neuroticism

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23
Q

What is the common core trait in grandiose and vulnerable narcissism according to the 3-factor structure?

A

antagonism or low agreeableness

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24
Q

Narcissism according to Krizan and Herlache

A

entitled self-importance

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25
Q

Narcissism according to Kowalchyk

A

genuine narcissism involves deep insecurities and is more similar to vulnerable narcissism, while grandiose narcissism is more similar to psychopathy

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26
Q

Which fields show that narcissism is associated with success?

A

show business, leadership, job interviews, initial interactions (but they lose popularity over time)

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27
Q

Psychosocial development (Erikson)

A

focused on ego development over life and identified common/necessary tensions inherent to each stage of development

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28
Q

2 ways Erikson’s view on development different from Freud’s

A

time span (lasts into adulthood and old age); social, not sexual, in nature

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29
Q

3 ways Erikson’s view on development is similar to Freud’s

A

follows a stage model; each stage represents a conflict or developmental crisis; fixation

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30
Q

8 stages of psychosocial development

A

infancy (0-2), toddlerhood (2-3), young childhood (3-4); elementary (4-12); adolescence (13-19); young adulthood (20-39); adulthood (40-64); old age (65+)

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31
Q

Conflict and possible negative outcomes in infancy

A

trust vs mistrust; dependent or paranoid

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32
Q

Conflict and possible negative outcomes in toddlerhood

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt; obsessive/impulsive or avoidant

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33
Q

Conflict and possible negative outcomes in young childhood

A

initiative or purpose vs guilt; antisocial/narcissistic or constricted

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34
Q

Conflict in elementary

A

industry (feeling like you can work to achieve what you want) vs inferiority

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35
Q

Conflict and possible negative outcome in adolescence

A

identity vs role/identity confusion (not having a strong sense of self); negative identity (e.g. gang member)

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36
Q

Identity foreclosure

A

when one doesn’t go through a crisis or forms an identity without exploring alternatives

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37
Q

Rite of passage

A

ceremony that initiates a child into adulthood

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38
Q

Moratorium

A

taking time to explore options before committing to an identity

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39
Q

Conflict in young adulthood

A

intimacy vs isolation

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40
Q

Conflict in adulthood

A

generativity (generating something one care about in life) vs stagnation

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41
Q

Conflict in old age

A

integrity vs despair

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42
Q

Object relations theory

A

examines the process of developing one’s psyche in relation to others in the environment

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43
Q

2 assumptions in object relations theory

A

a child’s internal wishes, desires, urges are not as important as development of relationships; others become internalized by the child as mental representations (e.g. mother)

44
Q

What influences our interpersonal relationships according to object relations theory?

A

internalized representations of our relationships with our parents (our first social attachments) form prototypes for our future relationships

45
Q

Attachment theory (Bowlby)

A

infants must develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for successful development of personality

46
Q

What does an attachment between infant and primary caregiver require?

A

physical contact with a warm and responsive mother

47
Q

2 main factors in parenting according to attachment theory

A

sensitivity and responsiveness

48
Q

4 patterns of attachment in children

A

secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized

49
Q

Secure attachment style

A

children are well-adjusted and trusting; caregivers are responsive to needs

50
Q

Anxious-ambivalent attachment style

A

children are anxious and clingy ; caregivers are inconsistent; associated with vulnerable narcissism

51
Q

Avoidant attachment style

A

children are uninterested and emotionally distant; caregivers are neglectful; associated with grandiose narcissism in adulthood

52
Q

Disorganized attachment style

A

children are erratic; caregivers are depressed, traumatized, or abusive

53
Q

Childhood attachment styles as working models

A

early experiences and reactions of the infant to the parents become internalized as unconscious expectations of relationships

54
Q

4 adult attachment styles (Bartholomew)

A

secure, preoccupied (ambivalent), dismissive-avoidant, fearful-avoidant

55
Q

Attachment styles according to Bartholomew

A

interactions between 2 dimensions: attachment-related anxiety and attachment-related avoidance

56
Q

Attachment-related anxiety

A

extent to which an adult worries over whether their partner loves them

57
Q

Attachment-related avoidance

A

extent to which an adult feels they can trust and depend on others

58
Q

Secure attachment style

A

comfortable with intimacy, autonomous and dependent

59
Q

Preoccupied attachment style

A

crave intimacy and worried about partners

60
Q

Dismissive-avoidant attachment style

A

minimize closeness and views intimacy as a loss of independence

61
Q

Fearful-avoidant attachment style

A

wants a relationship but has difficulty trusting; combination of preoccupied and dismissive-avoidant style

62
Q

Which childhood attachment style is associated with narcissism?

A

anxious-ambivalent and avoidant

63
Q

Which adult attachment styles are associated with narcissism?

A

dismissive-avoidant (grandiose), preoccupied and fearful-avoidant (vulnerable)

64
Q

3 parenting styles associated with high narcissism

A

neglectful, authoritarian, permissive/indulgent

65
Q

Neglectful parenting style

A

results in a lack of empathy and warmth

66
Q

Authoritarian parenting style

A

insists on perfection, winning, and toughness

67
Q

Permissive/indulgent parenting style

A

promotes entitled attitudes and leads to excessive self-idealization

68
Q

Social learning theory

A

children learn to become narcissistic through reinforced behaviors

69
Q

What factor predicts high narcissism?

A

parental overvaluation, not lack of love and warmth

70
Q

5 postulates of contemporary psychoanalysis

A

(1) unconscious and (2) childhood play a large role in personality development; (3) behavior represents conflicts in compromises between mental processes; (4) mental representations of the self and relationships guide our interactions; (5) personality development involves changing an immature and socially dependent relationship style

71
Q

Imagination inflation effect

A

imagining events leads one to rate those events as more familiar and likely to have happened

72
Q

2 views of the unconscious

A

motivated unconscious and cognitive unconscious

73
Q

Cognitive unconscious view

A

readily acknowledging that information can get into our memories without ever being aware of it

74
Q

Subliminal perception

A

information that is presented so quickly that you don’t recognize the words primes associated material in memory without going through conscious experience

75
Q

Finding on subliminal perception

A

unconscious information doesn’t influence motivation

76
Q

Fear of success

A

women can harbor an unconscious fear of success as they may lose friends while men have no fear as they would gain friends

77
Q

Motive

A

internal states that arouse and direct behavior toward specific objects and goals; caused by deficits that lead to needs

78
Q

Needs

A

states of tension within a person (reduced when need is satisfied); a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under given circumstances

79
Q

2 kinds of needs (Murray’s theory of needs)

A

primary or viscerogenic; secondary or psychogenic

80
Q

Primary needs

A

based on biological demands, satisfied by physical means (e.g. food, water, sex)

81
Q

Psychogenic needs

A

not always necessary for survival but essential for psychological well-being; satisfied by mental or emotional means (e.g. ambition, dominance, social power and affection)

82
Q

Press

A

need-relevant aspects of the environment (e.g. need for affiliation is affected by the presence of friendly people); can be based on objective reality (alpha press) or subjective reality (beta press)

83
Q

Apperception

A

interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what’s going on in a situation

84
Q

State vs trait level of needs

A

momentary amount of a need that fluctuates based on circumstances vs average tendency or set point on specific trait

85
Q

Big 3 motives

A

needs for achievement, power, intimacy

86
Q

Need for achievement

A

desire to do better, be successful, and feel competent; high nAch prefer moderate challenges

87
Q

Sex differences in nAch

A

life outcomes (e.g. depends on how much women value work and family); childhood experiences (e.g. women high in nAch had strict mothers and men high in nAch had supportive parents)

88
Q

Need for power

A

desire to have an impact on and sometimes control other people

89
Q

Need for intimacy

A

desire for warm, fulfilling relationships and need for human connection

90
Q

Humanistic approach to motivation

A

conscious awareness of needs, choice, and personal responsibility; focus on growth and realizing full potential instead of deficiency

91
Q

6 components of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (bottom to top)

A

physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization, self-transcendence

92
Q

2 additional needs apart from those in Maslow’s

A

cognitive (knowledge, meaning, self-awareness) and aesthetic (appreciation and search for beauty, balance)

93
Q

Self-transcendence

A

dedicating oneself to a higher goal through altruism or spirituality

94
Q

3 aspects of psychological maturity

A

self-transcendence, self-directedness, cooperativeness

95
Q

3 criticisms of Maslow

A

limited/mixed empirical evidence; inconsistent with understandings of human nature; not normative and has cultural differences

96
Q

When can a need be skipped? (Maslow’s)

A

if it has been met before or if one believes it can be met

97
Q

Self-actualization

A

living according to one’s true self and full potential; growth-motivated and achieved only when all basic and mental needs are met

98
Q

Alternative of self-actualization

A

false self or living according to others’ expectations

99
Q

Peak experience

A

transpersonal and ecstatic state characterized by feelings of euphoria, harmonization, deep meaning, interconnectedness

100
Q

3 descriptions individuals give to peak experiences

A

possessing a mystical, spiritual, and overtly religious quality

101
Q

Carl Rogers’ belief about people

A

intrinsically good and required unconditional positive regard

102
Q

Characteristic of an actualized person

A

congruence between sense of self/self-concept and ideal self

103
Q

Fully functioning person

A

someone on their way to self-actualization; in touch with their innermost feelings and desires; understands their emotions; trusts their instincts and urges

104
Q

5 components of emotional intelligence

A

ability to know one’s emotions and regulate them, motivate oneself, know and influence how others are feeling

105
Q

3 core conditions in client-centered therapy

A

atmosphere of genuine acceptance; unconditional positive regard; empathic understanding

PSYC 305 (10 decks)

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