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PSYC 305 > L2/CH3 > Flashcards

L2/CH3 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of personality assessment

A

descriptive and explanatory research

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2
Q

Descriptive research

A

used to describe personality

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3
Q

Explanatory research

A

used to discover relationships between traits or between personality and other phenomena

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4
Q

Examples of descriptive research

A

self-reports, observer-reports, test data, life history/life-outcome data

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5
Q

Examples of explanatory research

A

experimental methods (e.g. true experiments, quasi-experiments), correlational studies

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6
Q

Correlational studies

A

non-experimental methods to identify associations (e.g. cross-sectional, longitudinal)

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7
Q

What does it mean when a relationship/result is significant?

A

the observation is likely caused by something other than random chance

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8
Q

Replication

A

process of repeating a study in a different population/context; key to gaining confidence in findings

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9
Q

Meta-analysis

A

statistical procedure for combining data from multiple studies

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10
Q

How is a meta-analysis conducted?

A

look at whether the effect size of a particular relationship/phenomena is consistent across studies that have been standardized, compared/summarized

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11
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

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12
Q

Where do most psychology citations come from?

A

70% from the US

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13
Q

Case study

A

in-depth examination of the life of one person

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14
Q

3 characteristics of a case study

A

descriptive, exploratory, explanatory

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15
Q

3 definitions of traits

A

basic building blocks of personality; universal dimensions with individual differences; any adjective or noun that describes the way some people are and others aren’t

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16
Q

2 different perspectives of traits

A

internal causal properties vs descriptive summaries of behavior

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17
Q

Traits as internal and causal

A

people carry their needs and wants from one situation to the next and these can explain their behavior

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18
Q

Traits as descriptive

A

descriptive summaries of trends in a person’s expressed behavior with no assumption of internality or causality

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19
Q

Act frequency approach

A

counting the number of times one engages in a behavior

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20
Q

3 key elements of the act frequency approach

A

act nomination, prototypicality judgement, recording of act performance

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21
Q

Act nomination

A

process of identifying which acts belong to which trait categories

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22
Q

Prototypicality judgement

A

process of identifying which acts are most prototypical of each trait category

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23
Q

Recording of the act performance

A

gathering information on the actual performance of individuals in their daily lives

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24
Q

3 approaches to identifying which traits are most important

A

lexical, statistical, theoretical

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25
Q

What does it mean that some traits are more important than others?

A

they account for more variance in the population

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26
Q

Lexical hypothesis

A

all important individual differences have been encoded within language over time as trait terms, which are important for communication

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27
Q

2 criteria for identifying important traits

A

synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality

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28
Q

Statistical approach

A

statistical methods are used to organize and categorize a large, diverse pool of items (usually identified using the lexical approach) based on their covariance

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29
Q

What is the primary statistical method used?

A

factor analysis

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30
Q

Factor analysis

A

identifies groups of items that covary but tend not to covary with other groups; reveals underlying factors with a common property

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31
Q

Theoretical approach

A

a theoretical framework is used, which determines which variables or traits are important to study

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32
Q

Taxonomy

A

classification scheme that identifies and names groups within a subject field

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33
Q

5 trait taxonomies

A

eysenck’s hierarchical model of personality, grey’s reinforcement sensitivity theory, wiggins interpersonal circumplex, five-factor model of personality, HEXACO model of personality

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34
Q

2 criteria for personality traits in the hierarchical model of personality

A

must be heritable and must have psychophysiological foundation

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35
Q

3 broad traits in the hierarchical model of personality

A

extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

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36
Q

What does each broad trait consist of?

A

narrow traits, habitual actions, specific actions

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37
Q

Examples of narrow traits in extraversion

A

surgent, active, assertive, lively, sociable, carefree, dominant, sensation-seeking

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38
Q

Surgent

A

tending toward positive affect

39
Q

How do introverts reach to moderate-high levels of stimulation?

A

higher cortical and nervous system arousal compared to extraverts

40
Q

Examples of narrow traits in neuroticism

A

tense, anxious, depressed, emotional, irrational, low-self esteem

41
Q

What psychophysiological phenomena is neuroticism associated with?

A

greater reactivity to stress and negative stimuli

42
Q

Examples of narrow traits in psychoticism

A

antisocial, aggressive, cold, egocentric, creative, impulsive

43
Q

Antisocial

A

socially disruptive; causing harm to and/or violating the rights of others

44
Q

What psychophysiological phenomena is psychoticism associated with?

A

higher testosterone and lower monoamine oxidase (MAO)

45
Q

Monoamine oxidase

A

neurotransmitter regulator; prevents the overabundance of testosterone

46
Q

2 hypothesized biological systems in the brain according to Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory

A

one that is responsive to reward and another that is responsive to punishment

47
Q

Trait displayed by people more sensitive to reward vs punishment

A

impulsive; anxious

48
Q

3 systems in Gray’s revised theory

A

behavioral activation system (BAS), fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS), behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

49
Q

Behavioral activation system

A

brain system responsive to reward and motivates approach behavior

50
Q

Traits associated with high BAS

A

novelty-seeking, positive emotion, extraversion

51
Q

Fight-flight-freeze system

A

brain system responsive to negative (threatening/punishing) stimuli and mediates the emotion of fear

52
Q

Traits associated with high FFFS

A

fear-proneness, avoidance behaviors, phobias

53
Q

Behavioral inhibition system

A

brain system involved in resolving goal conflict characterized by anxiety and rumination to assess risk

54
Q

Traits associated with high BIS

A

risk aversion, neuroticism

55
Q

Interpersonal circumplex

A

primarily concerned with interpersonal traits or interactions between people involving social exchanges

56
Q

2 resources that define social exchanges

A

love or communion (emotional component) and status or agency (social component)

57
Q

The big two

A

agency and communion describe 2 primary modes of existence or motives of behavior

58
Q

Agency

A

the desire to display competence and assert dominance/control; refers to existence as an individual to goal pursuit or “getting ahead”

59
Q

Communion

A

warmth and morality; refers to participation of an individual in a larger organism to forming bonds or “getting along”

60
Q

3 types of relationships between traits within the circumplex model

A

adjacency, bipolarity, orthogonality

61
Q

Adjacency vs bipolarity vs orthogonality

A

traits that are next to each other (positively correlated), on opposite sides (negatively correlated), and perpendicular to each other (uncorrelated)

62
Q

Five-factor model or big 5

A

extraversion (surgency), neuroticism (emotional instability), conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience (intellect-openness)

63
Q

2 ways the big five taxonomy is measured

A

based on self-ratings of single-word trait adjectives or sentence items (e.g. NEO-PI-R)

64
Q

High in neuroticism

A

prone to negative emotions (e.g. anxiety, depression, anger) rather than being emotionally resilient

65
Q

High in extraversion

A

tend to be assertive and sociable rather than quiet and reserved, and enjoy engaging with the external world

66
Q

High in openness

A

tend to have a broad range of interests, be sensitive to art and beauty, and prefer novelty to routine

67
Q

Examples of narrow traits of openness

A

open to fantasy, ideas, aesthetics, actions, feelings, values

68
Q

High in agreeableness

A

tend to be cooperative and polite rather than antagonistic and rude

69
Q

Examples of narrow traits of agreeableness

A

trust in others, altruism, tender-mindedness, compliance

70
Q

High in conscientiousness

A

tend to be task-focused and orderly rather than distractible and disorganized

71
Q

Examples of narrow traits of conscientiousness

A

competence, self-discipline, achievement striving, order

72
Q

2 suggested additions to the five-factor model

A

positive evaluation and negative evaluation

73
Q

How are traits organized the leading models of personality?

A

hierarchically (broad > narrow > specific behaviors, states, experiences)

74
Q

At what level of trait measurement can we most accurately predict outcomes?

A

narrow traits

75
Q

5-factor model of positive characteristics or “high five”

A

erudition (high openness), peace (low neuroticism), cheerfulness (high extraversion), honesty (high agreeableness), tenacity (high conscientiousness)

76
Q

What are the high five traits associate with?

A

social desirability

77
Q

HEXACO model

A

honesty-humility, emotionality (e.g. sentimentality, dependence), extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience

78
Q

High in honesty-humility

A

tend to be sincere, honest, faithful, loyal, modest, and unassuming rather than sly, deceitful, greedy, pretentious, hypocritical, boastful, and pompous

79
Q

4 facets of honesty-humility

A

sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, modesty

80
Q

What is low honesty-humility associated with?

A

the dark traits

81
Q

The dark triad vs tetrad

A

narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy, (+ sadism)

82
Q

What are the dark traits?

A

conceptually distinct but overlapping socially aversive/antisocial traits in the subclinical range; associated with a callous-manipulative interpersonal style

83
Q

2 approaches to measuring traits

A

categorical and dimensional

84
Q

Key difference between HEXACO and five-factor models

A

emotionality rather than neuroticism; low anger under agreeableness rather than low emotionality

85
Q

Machivellianism

A

tendency to be cunning, deceptive, exploitative, and manipulative in interpersonal relationships for personal gain

85
Q

Narcissism

A

grandiosity, entitlement, and superiority, along with frequent and excessive attention-seeking behavior

86
Q

Subclinical psychopathy

A

high impulsivity, low empathy and anxiety, callous social attitudes, selfish and antisocial behavior

87
Q

Dispositional sadism

A

tendency to gain enjoyment from hurting others directly or vicariously

88
Q

Behaviors people with the dark traits tend to engage in

A

internet trolling, bug killing, conspiracy theories, pandemic responses

89
Q

3 traits in the light triad

A

kantianism, humanism, faith in humanity

90
Q

Kantianism

A

treating other people as a means to themselves and not as a means to another end

91
Q

Humanism

A

valuing the dignity and worth of every person

92
Q

Faith in humanity

A

believing that people are fundamentally good

PSYC 305 (10 decks)

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