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PSYC 305 > L10/CH19 > Flashcards

L10/CH19 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality disorder (Schneider)

A

an unusually extreme and problematic degree of one or more attributes of personality

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2
Q

Personality disorder (DSM-5)

A

enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the norms and expectations of the individual’s culture

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3
Q

4 key criterias of personality disorders (DSM-5)

A

pervasive and inflexible; has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood; stable over time; often ego-syntonic (aligns with self-image)

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4
Q

How are symptoms of personality disorders viewed?

A

maladaptive variations within the domains of traits, emotions, cognitions, motives, and self-concept

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5
Q

What do personality disorders lead to?

A

distress/impairment

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6
Q

What do all personality disorders involve?

A

impaired social relations

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7
Q

What must personality disorders not be attributable to?

A

drug abuse, medication, or other medical conditions

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8
Q

Cluster A or eccentric cluster

A

people appear odd and eccentric, and do not get along well with others

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9
Q

3 disorders in cluster A

A

paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal

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10
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent

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11
Q

3 behaviors in paranoid personality disorder

A

reads hidden negative meaning into benign remarks; persistently bears grudges and unforgiving; perceives attacks on character or reputation unobserved by others

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12
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

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13
Q

3 behaviors in schizoid personality disorder

A

neither desires nor enjoys close relationships; prefers solitary activities and takes pleasure in few activities; emotional coldness, detachment, flattened emotions

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14
Q

How does autism differ from schizoid personality disorder?

A

more affected by deficits in social skills than in social motivation; age of diagnosis

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15
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior

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16
Q

Behaviors common in schizotypal personality disorder

A

excessive social anxiety that doesn’t diminish; odd beliefs, magical thinking, meaning in unusual things; odd speech, behavior, appearance; suspiciousness or paranoid ideation; inappropriate or constricted emotion

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17
Q

How does schizophrenia differ from schizotypal personality disorder?

A

psychotic symptoms like hallucinations

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18
Q

Cluster B or erratic cluster

A

people appear erratic and emotional, and have difficulties getting along with others

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19
Q

4 disorders in cluster B

A

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

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20
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, criminality, impulsivity, and failure to learn from experience

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21
Q

Behaviors in antisocial personality disorder

A

failure to conform to social norms and laws; deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressiveness, irresponsibility; reckless disregard for safety of self or others; lack of remorse

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22
Q

How does antisocial personality disorder differ from others?

A

symptoms are largely objective (e.g. must be 18; must have evidence of conduct disorder before 15)

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23
Q

Psychopathy

A

similar to APD but more severe, and emphasizes more subjective traits

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24
Q

Subjective traits in psychopathy

A

incapacity to experience guilt, superficial charm (glib), callous social attitudes

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25
Q

Triarchic model of psychopathy

A

boldness, meanness, and disinhibition (lack of impulse control)

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26
Q

How does sociopathy differ from psychopathy?

A

sociopaths are less organized/more obvious in behavior, less violent, maintain some emotions

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27
Q

Items from the psychopathy checklist

A

glibness/superficial charm; grandiose sense of self-worth; pathological lying, manipulative; lack of remorse; impulsivity, irresponsibility; early behavior problems; many short-term marital relationships

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28
Q

Evidence for role of nature/genetics in psychopathy

A

reduced fear response; functional and structural differences in the brain; 69% heritability of APD/psychopathy traits in sample of twins

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29
Q

Evidence of the role of nurture in psychopathy

A

individuals with APD/psychopathy are more likely to have been abused early in life (over 80% have history of childhood trauma)

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30
Q

Brain activity in a psychopath

A

less coordinated activity between amygdala (fear, anxiety) and prefrontal cortex (guilt, empathy)

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31
Q

Relationship of APD with confinement

A

50% prevalence among prisoners (70-100% of males); 50% of people with APD have arrest records

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32
Q

Prevalence of psychopathy among prisoners

A

25-28% of male prisoners are psychopaths and are more likely to recidivate after release

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33
Q

Prevalence of psychopathy among corporate professionals

A

between 3-21% of corporate professionals are psychopaths

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34
Q

Successful psychopathy

A

absence of negative consequences and presence of positive outcomes

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35
Q

What makes some psychopaths more successful?

A

intelligence, higher executive functioning, charisma

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36
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and marked impulsivity

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37
Q

Symptoms of Borderline PD

A

unstable, intense relationships; frantic efforts to avoid abandonment; self-damaging impulsivity (e.g. spending, sex, substance abuse); recurrent suicidal or self-harming behavior; emotional instability/reactivity; stress-related paranoia and dissociative symptoms

38
Q

How does bipolar disorder differ from BPD?

A

more frequent emotional stability and less anger

39
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

40
Q

Symptoms of histrionic PD

A

inappropriate, sexually seductive/provocative behavior; exaggerated and theatrical emotions; uncomfortable when not center of attention; rapidly shifting and shallow emotions; suggestible

41
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

42
Q

Symptoms of narcissistic PD

A

fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty; belief that one is special; sense of entitlement and arrogance; envy; interpersonally exploitative

43
Q

What other PD does histrionic PD overlap with?

A

narcissistic

44
Q

Externalizing disorders

A

effect is external or outwardly expressed wherein heightened status, dominance, power are related to mania-proneness and narcissistic traits

45
Q

3 PDs that are externalizing disorders

A

antisocial, narcissistic, conduct

46
Q

Hubris syndrome

A

tendency to display antisocial and narcissistic traits as people gain status and power

47
Q

Internalizing disorders

A

effect is internal wherein subordination, submissiveness, and the desire to avoid subordination are related to anxiety and depression

48
Q

Cluster C or anxious cluster

A

people appear anxious, fearful, and apprehensive; have trouble with relationships

49
Q

3 personality disorders in cluster C

A

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

50
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A

pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

51
Q

Symptoms of avoidant PD

A

avoids activities over fear of criticism, rejection, embarrassment; preoccupied with criticism and rejection; inhibited in new relationships due to fear of inadequacy

52
Q

How does social anxiety differ from avoidant PD?

A

less persistent across situations and involves more awareness that fears are irrational

53
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of

54
Q

Symptoms of dependent PD

A

difficulty making own decisions; uncomfortable when alone; needs others to assume responsibilities; constant need to be in relationship; preoccupied with fears of being left to care for oneself

55
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

56
Q

Symptoms of OCPD

A

preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, schedules; rigidity, stubbornness, perfectionism that interferes with task completion; excessively devoted to work and productivity; overly conscientious and inflexible in moral and ethical matters

57
Q

How does OCD differ from OCPD?

A

more severe and disruptive; involves obsessions (recurring thoughts, images, urges) and compulsions (repetitive thoughts and mental acts)

58
Q

Prevalence rate for having at least one PD

A

between 9-13%

59
Q

Sex differences in PDs

A

small to moderate, except in antisocial which is more prevalent in males

60
Q

Common treatment for PDs

A

combination of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions

61
Q

Benefit of therapy

A

gain awareness of and manage symptoms (e.g. CBT, emotion-regulation therapy, schema therapy)

62
Q

Benefit of medications

A

controls more difficult symptoms (e.g. mood stabilizers, antidepressants, anti-psychotics, anxiolytics)

63
Q

Can PDs ever go away with treatment?

A

they are defined as chronic but some evidence shows that certain PDs (e.g. BPD) respond well to treatment and may remit over time (although psychosocial functioning remains impaired)

64
Q

Big 5 trait related to BPD

A

high neuroticism

65
Q

Big 5 trait related to BPD

A

high neuroticism

66
Q

Big 5 trait related to avoidant

A

extreme introversion and high neuroticism

67
Q

Big 5 trait related to histrionic

A

extreme extraversion

68
Q

Big 5 trait related to obsessive-compulsive

A

extreme conscientiousness

69
Q

Big 5 trait related to schizoid

A

extreme introversion and low neuroticism

70
Q

Big 5 trait related to schizotypal

A

introversion, high neuroticism, low agreeableness, extreme openness

71
Q

Revisions in the alternative DSM-5 model for PDs

A

4 PDs and clusters removed; characterized by impairments in personality functioning and pathological personality traits

72
Q

4 PDs that were removed in alternative DSM-5 and reason

A

schizoid, histrionic, dependent, paranoid because they aren’t sufficiently coherent, common, or distinct

73
Q

3 steps of diagnosis according to alternative DSM-5

A

assessment of level of impairment in personality, whether or not one of the 6 PDs are present, and pathological personality traits

74
Q

Examples of pathological personality traits

A

negative affectivity (high neuroticism), detachment (low extraversion), antagonism (low agreeableness), disinhibition (low conscientiousness), psychoticism (high openness)

75
Q

Positive psychology

A

complementary field of psychology that moves beyond simply treating mental illness and dysfunction (flourishing and thriving)

76
Q

Character strengths and virtues handbook

A

identifies 6 classes of virtues (wisdom and knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence) made of 24 measurable character strengths

77
Q

Big 5 traits associated with forgiveness

A

high agreeableness, low neuroticism, high conscientiousness, high extraversion

78
Q

What feelings/behaviors is forgiveness correlated with?

A

positive affect and life satisfaction; lower rumination, vengeance, hostility; lower anxiety and depression

79
Q

Mindfulness

A

purposeful attention to and awareness of the present moment, approached with an attitude of openness, acceptance, and non-judgement

80
Q

Big 5 traits correlated with mindfulness trait

A

conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, low neuroticism; extraversion unclear; resilience

81
Q

Flow

A

state of complete absorption in work, play, or creative expression

82
Q

Feelings involved in flow

A

intense concentration; loss of self, time, and environmental awareness; feeling perfectly challenged (neither bored nor overwhelmed); activity becomes an end in itself

83
Q

Alternative names for flow

A

runner’s high; being in the zone; peak experiences

84
Q

Autotelic or flow personality

A

disposition to actively seek challenges and flow experiences

85
Q

Big 5 traits correlated with autotelic personality

A

low neuroticism, high conscientiousness, higher extraversion, lower agreeableness; openness inconsistent

86
Q

Difference between flow and openness

A

openness is a more cognitive trait while flow depends on sensorimotor feedback

87
Q

3 traits most consistently associated with success

A

drive, open-mindedness, creativity

88
Q

Big 5 traits associated with hireability and success

A

high conscientiousness (tops the list), emotional stability, agreeableness

89
Q

Big 5 traits associated with good leadership

A

low neuroticism, high openness, high extraversion, balanced conscientiousness, agreeableness

90
Q

Benefits of having a diverse work team

A

more productive, innovative, financially successful, make smarter decisions

PSYC 305 (10 decks)

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